Question 13 which of the following key financial ratios is calculated as profit after taxes/sales?

Ratio Analysis Formula (Table of Contents)

What is the Ratio Analysis Formula?

The term “Ratio Analysis” refers to the analytical technique wherein a plethora of financial ratios is computed based on the financial information either available in the annual reports or public domain. The ratio analysis helps in assessing the subject company’s financial and operational position.

The financial ratios used in ratio analysis technique are broadly categorized into the following four major categories:

• Liquidity Ratios
• Solvency Ratios
• Efficiency Ratios
• Profitability Ratios

Explanation

The formula for Ratio Analysis can be calculated by using the following steps:

1. Liquidity Ratios

These ratios indicate the company’s cash level, liquidity position and the capacity to meet its short-term liabilities. The formula of some of the major liquidity ratios are:

• Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
• Quick Ratio = (Cash & Cash Equivalents + Accounts Receivables) / Current Liabilities
• Cash Ratio = Cash & Cash Equivalents / Current Liabilities

2. Solvency Ratios

These ratios indicate whether the company has the capability to meet its long-term obligations by comparing its debt level with its assets and equity etc. The formula of some of the major solvency ratios are:

• Debt-To-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity
• Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets
• Interest Coverage Ratio = EBITDA / Interest Expense

3. Efficiency Ratios

These ratios indicate how efficiently a company is able to utilize its available assets or convert its inventories to cash. The formula of some of the major efficiency ratios are:

• Receivables Turnover Ratio = Sales / Accounts Receivable
• Inventory Turnover Ratio = COGS / Inventories
• Payable Turnover Ratio = COGS / Accounts Payable
• Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Assets
• Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Net Fixed Assets
• Equity Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Equity

4. Profitability Ratios

These ratios demonstrate a company’s efficiency to use its assets to generate profits. The formula of some of the major profitability ratios are:

• Gross Margin = (Sales – COGS) / Sales
• Operating Profit Margin = EBIT / Sales
• Net Margin = Net Income / Sales
• Return on Total Asset (ROA) = EBIT / Total Assets
• Return on Total Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity

Example of Ratio Analysis Formula (With Excel Template)

Let’s take an example to understand the calculation of Ratio Analysis in a better manner.

Ratio Analysis Formula – Example #1

Let us take the example of Apple Inc.’s annual report for 2019 to illustrate the calculation of different ratios used in ratio analysis. As per the latest annual report, the following information is available. Based on the given information, calculate the liquidity, solvency, efficiency and profitability ratios of Apple Inc. for the year 2019.

Solution:

Liquidity Ratios

Current Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

• Current Ratio = $162,819 million / $105,718 million
• Current Ratio = 1.54x

Quick Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Quick Ratio = (Cash & Cash Equivalents + Accounts Receivables) / Current Liabilities

• Quick Ratio = ($48,844 million + $22,926 million) / $105,718 million
• Quick Ratio = 0.68x

Cash Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Cash Ratio = Cash & Cash Equivalents / Current Liabilities

• Cash Ratio=  $48,844 million / $105,718 million
• Cash Ratio = 0.46x

Solvency Ratios

Debt to Equity Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity

• Debt to Equity Ratio = $108,047 million / $90,488 million
• Debt to Equity Ratio = 1.19x

Debt Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets

• Debt Ratio = $108,047 million / $338,516 million
• Debt Ratio = 0.32x

Interest Coverage Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Interest Coverage Ratio = EBITDA / Interest Expense

• Interest Coverage Ratio = $76,477 million / $3,576 million
• Interest Coverage Ratio = 21.39x

Efficiency Ratios

Receivables Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Receivables Turnover Ratio = Sales / Accounts Receivable

• Receivables Turnover Ratio = $260,174 million / $22,926 million
• Receivables Turnover Ratio = 11.35x

Inventory Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Inventory Turnover Ratio = COGS / Inventories

• Inventory Turnover Ratio = $161,782 million / $4,106 million
• Inventory Turnover Ratio = 39.40x

Payable Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Payable Turnover Ratio = COGS / Accounts Payable

• Payable Turnover Ratio = $161,782 million / $46,236 million
• Payable Turnover Ratio = 3.50x

Asset Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Assets

• Asset Turnover Ratio = $260,174 million / $338,516 million
• Asset Turnover Ratio = 0.77x

Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = Sales / Net Fixed Assets

• Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = $260,174 million / $37,378 million
• Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = 6.96x

Equity Turnover Ratio is calculated using the formula given below

Equity Turnover Ratio = Sales / Total Equity

• Equity Turnover Ratio = $260,174 million / $90,488 million
• Equity Turnover Ratio = 2.88x

Profitability Ratios

Gross Margin is calculated using the formula given below

Gross Margin = (Sales – COGS) / Sales

• Gross Margin = ($260,174 million – $161,782 million) / $260,174 million
• Gross Margin = 37.8%

Operating Profit Margin is calculated using the formula given below

Operating Profit Margin = EBIT / Sales

• Operating Profit Margin = $63,930 million / $260,174 million
• Operating Profit Margin = 24.6%

Net Margin is calculated using the formula given below

Net Margin = Net income / Sales

• Net Margin = $55,256 million / $260,174 million
• Net Margin = 21.2%

Return on Total Asset (ROA) is calculated using the formula given below

Return on Total Asset (ROA) = EBIT / Total Assets

• Return on Total Asset (ROA) = $63,930 million / $338,516 million
• Return on Total Asset (ROA) = 18.9%

Return on Total Equity (ROE) is calculated using the formula given below

Return on Total Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity

• Return on Total Equity (ROE) = $55,256 million / $90,488 million
• Return on Total Equity (ROE) = 61.1%

Source Link: Apple Inc. Balance Sheet

Relevance and Use of Reserve Ratio Formula

One of the major uses of ratio analysis is that it makes it easier and simpler to compare companies with different scale of operations. Further, it also simplifies the analysis of the financial statements and helps in identifying deviation in historical trends.

Recommended Articles

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