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home? The colonizer The emphasis on individual responsibility was a key characteristic of the ________ model. justice justice Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant? Because it ensures that probationers are entitled to due process rights during revocation hearings Because it extends key procedural safeguards to parolees and probationers Because it addresses the relative lack of punishment resulting from community-based sanctions like parole and probation Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply The 1980s were known as the "explosive decade" of prison riots. T/F False According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations? Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society. Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society. What does research suggest about SVORI programs? SVORI programs appear to be ineffectual. Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest. SVORI programs are particularly effective at reducing post-release reincarceration. SVORI programs are more effective at reducing reincarceration for women offenders. Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest. Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole? Clients are "wards" who are controlled by probation and parole officers. Officers must be willing to report clients for new offenses or violations of release conditions. There is an emphasis on community protection. Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences. Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences. The potential threat posed by inmates is a major influence on staff culture in prison. T/F True Which of the following statements regarding prison privatization is true? Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that govern the activities of public correctional officers. The privatization movement began in the early 21st century and has been expanding quickly. More inmates are currently held in private prisons than in government-operated prisons. Research suggests that private prisons produce significant cost savings over publicly-run institutions. Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that govern the activities of public correctional officers. ________ seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society. Selective incapacitation Selective incapacitation What made Maconochie's system of marks unique and innovative in corrections at that time? It ensured offenders learned to read and write. It put the responsibility for earning early release on the inmate. The balancing test weights individual rights against the need for public order. T/F True Prisonization refers to the slang that is characteristic of prison subcultures and prison life. T/F False Civil death is the legal status of inmates who lose most of their rights after being convicted of a crime. T/F True In recent years, the rate of new prison construction has increased significantly. T/F False What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons? It expanded the use of intermediate sentencing. It placed a moratorium on free-market prison industries. Which of the following is a policy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does not attempt rehabilitation? The mark system Warehousing A prison's rated capacity refers to the size of the inmate population that it can handle, according to the judgment of experts. T/F True Probation is more successful than parole at reducing the risk of criminal socialization. T/F True Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security? The industrial era The punitive era A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that yields the highest level of overcrowding would probably choose which definition of prison capacity? Operational capacity Design capacity Research suggests that electronic monitoring reduces the risk of parole revocation. T/F True Lex talionis is also known as the law of exile. retaliation What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the US today? Probation Probation Which of the following statements about parole is false? Parole is a sentencing option available to a judge. Parole is a prisoner reentry strategy. Parole is designed to act as a stimulus for positive behavioral change. The primary purpose of parole is to gradually return offenders to productive lives. Parole is a sentencing option available to a judge. The modern practice of parole has its origins in the work of which reformer? Robert Martinson Captain Alexander Maconochie Which of the following best describes female offenders? Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children Offenders on home detention are on full-time lockdown at home except to go to court or medical appointments. T/F False Female prisoners form homosexual relationships to compensate for the loss of other affectional relationships outside prison. T/F True Which of the following is not a function of a probation or parole officer's work? Conduct needs assessments and diagnoses Conduct investigations to assist prosecutors Nearly all states conduct psychological screenings of applicants to assess candidates applying for jobs as correctional officers. T/F False Parole helps support the just deserts model of sentencing. T/F False The first mass prison system, in which inmates lived, ate, and worked together in enforced silence, was known as the ________ system. Reformatory Auburn Which of the following is not an advantage of using intermediate sanctions? They are more flexible. They are more directly related to the offense committed. Most inmates who sexually assault other inmates in prison generally do not consider themselves homosexuals. T/F True Which strategy for reducing the transmission of AIDS in prison may be illegal? Asking inmates to participate in HIV-antibody testing Prevention through the use of educational programs for staff and inmates Segregating HIV-positive inmates from the main prison population Eliminating programs that allow conjugal visits for married inmates Segregating HIV-positive inmates from the main prison population General conditions of probation are designed to reduce the cost of probation supervision. apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction. are ordered by the judge and are tailored to the needs of the individual offender. relate mainly to military justice systems. apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction. Non-heterosexual inmates are more likely to be sexually victimized in prison. True The ________ was an early American system of imprisonment that was considered to be humane and that provided inmates with the opportunity for rehabilitation. Irish system Elmira system' Pennsylvania system Massachusetts system Pennsylvania system In prison, many sexually aggressive inmates have a primarily homosexual orientation. are unlikely to have suffered damage to their masculinity in the past. may be attempting to avoid victimization. are motivated mainly by a desire for sexual release. may be attempting to avoid victimization. The purpose of mutilation as a punishment for criminal behavior is specific deterrence. T/F True Which of the following statements regarding mentally ill inmates is true? Incarcerated women are more likely than men to be mentally ill. Inmates suffering from significant mental illnesses do not account for a substantial number of incarcerated individuals. Only a few states operate facilities specializing in psychiatric confinement of convicted criminals. The number of inmates suffering from severe mental illness is similar to the number in the general population. Incarcerated women are more likely than men to be mentally ill. What form of probation requires frequent face-to-face contacts between the probation officer and the probationer? Directed probation Intensive probation supervision Which system of inmate labor turned control of inmates over to non-correctional personnel? The
public-account system The lease system Violation of special conditions of probation can result in revocation of probation. T/F True Which of the following is a characteristic of a medium security federal correctional institution? Has a special
mission Has mostly cell-type housing What was the purpose behind the Prison Litigation Reform Act? It was designed to increase inmate access to legal counsel when filing civil lawsuits. It was an attempt to ensure that inmates had reasonable grounds before they filed criminal appeals in federal court. It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prisoners in federal courts. It was intended to ensure inmates received their constitutional rights. It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prisoners in federal courts. Work release is representative of which era in the development of U.S. prisons? The just deserts era The community-based era The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called schooling. prisonization. The stocks and the pillory are examples of what early form of punishment? Branding Public humiliation ________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole Imprisonment Revocation A desire to avoid the prison environment is the primary reason most children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. T/F False Reintegration appears to be a key element in reducing recidivism rates among inmates released on parole. T/F True What is prison argot? A code name for drugs in prison Prison Slang Large-scale prison construction in the 1980s has contributed to an increase in the number of elderly inmates in prison today. T/F True The primary concern of prison staff is inmate custody and control. T/F True Most women's prisons do not have programs specifically designed for female offenders. T/F True The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation. community-based reformatory Which form of house arrest using remote location monitoring is the most restrictive? Home incarceration What is the primary purpose of probation? Rehabilitation Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates is more common in men's prisons than in women's prisons. T/F False AIDS is the leading cause of death among prison inmates today. T/F False What is a federal ADMAX prison? An ultra-high-security prison The majority of inmates today have some form of mental illness. T/F True According to the Supreme Court, mentally ill inmates cannot be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will. T/F False A typical state prison today emphasizes the use of solitary confinement. is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates. According to the text, the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is women. Women
Which of the following is not an advantage of probation and parole over imprisonment? Relative lack of punishment Relative lack of punishment The Prison Litigation Reform Act was designed to reduce the number of lawsuits filed by state prisoners in federal courts. T/F True A mixed sentence includes elements of both probation and parole. False Which of the following statements about new-generation jails is false? They are designed to improve inmate-staff communication. They result in higher rates of lawsuits brought by inmates. Probation is a sentence imposed by the court. T/F True Which of the following sentences is not an of an intermediate sanction? Shock incarceration Simple probation Why are regional jails becoming more popular? They have been shown to have reduced levels of inmate violence. They are more economical. Most female inmates are housed in co-ed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at different times. centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders. co-ed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at the same time. special wings of facilities that are otherwise institutions for men. centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders. According to the Supreme Court in the case of Morrissey v. Brewer, procedural safeguards are required at parole supervision meetings. parole revocation hearings. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, overcrowding in prison constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. T/F False
Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp? Shock probation Shock incarceration Mandatory parole is the release of an inmate from prison based on the decision of a parole board or similar authority. T/F False Why did some inmates oppose the treatment model? They preferred the limitations characteristic of the punitive era. They were not given a choice in treatment participation. Parole officers who view their clients as wards that must be controlled are identifying with the social work model of parole. T/F False The deprivation model of prison subculture suggests that inmates bring values, roles and behavior patterns from the outside world into prison with them. T/F False What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act? To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison
for technical violations To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations Correctional authorities may not impose punishments on inmates without appropriate due process. T/F True Reentry courts oversee an offender's supervised release into the community. T/F True Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition? The probationer may not possess a firearm. The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license. Which of the following is not a special problem faced by women in jail today? High levels of violence High levels of violence What was the original purpose of a jail? To serve as a transfer point for mentally ill offenders To hold suspects following arrest and pending trial Because they are subject to the needs of imprisonment, prisoners' rights are considered to be absolute rights. T/F False Intensive probation supervision can be effective at reducing recidivism. T/F True In California, prisoners were racially segregated each time they entered a new correction facility, as a way of preventing gang-related violence. This unwritten policy was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005, in the case of Johnson v. California. What was the Court's ruling, and why? The policy was acceptable because it protected inmates and therefore was in the inmate's best interests. The policy was unconstitutional because it did not serve a compelling state interest and was not relevant to the prison's legitimate security needs. The policy was unconstitutional because the forced segregation violated the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. The policy was acceptable because it had been shown to significantly reduce the amount of violence caused by racial gangs in prisons. The policy was unconstitutional because it did not serve a compelling state interest and was not relevant to the prison's legitimate security needs. Robert Martinson's "nothing-works" doctrine was an attack on warehousing. treatment Residents in total institutions generally are cut off from the larger society. T/F True Which of the following is not one of the most frequent violations for which parole or probation revocation occurs? Alcohol or drug abuse while
under supervision Commission of a serious crime while on parole or probation What made maconochie's system of marks unique?What made Maconochie's system of marks unique and innovative in corrections at that time? It ensured offenders learned to read and write. It prevented correctional officers from abusing inmates.
Which of the following was a difference between the Pennsylvania separate system and the New York Auburn congregate system?Pennsylvania inmates were required to be "silent and separate" from other inmates at all times, and in New York, inmates were required to be "silent and congregate," in that they could work together and do other activities together, but they must be silent.
Which of the following is a reason for the privatization of American prisons?Proponents of privatization claim that private prisons can provide a quick response to facility overcrowding, higher-quality and more cost-effective services, improved conditions of confinement, and economic growth in the communities where new private facilities are built.
How is the corrections system organized in the United States?We commonly use the singular system to refer to the whole. But there are actually 50 separate and distinct state systems, a federal system, and hundreds of local county or municipal corrections agencies. Each of these levels of corrections has its own function within the whole.
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Which system of inmate labor turned control of inmates over to non-correctional personnel?
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