When sculpting uniformly layered lengths, the design line should remain

Dex Images/Getty Images the possibilities of SCULPTURE 1.1 Sculpture: Up Close and Personal Sculpture Transformation Bringing Sculpture Into Focus 1.2 Sculpture: The Bigger Picture Sculpture Design Decisions Change the Sculpture, Change the Effect 2 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 Understanding the effects of transforming a hair sculpture leads to more creative possibilities for hair designers and clients Following THIS LESSON YOU WILL BE ABLE TO: List the aspects of a hair design that are influenced by a hair sculpture transformation Identify the observable differences among the four basic forms Describe the surface texture of the four basic forms Summarize the common lines along which each of the four basic forms can unfold Use design principles to describe the length arrangement of the four basic forms Explain ways in which a new hair sculpture can impact a person s appearance see and think as a Designer 3

As a professional hair designer, you will from time to time encounter clients who are looking for a dramatic change in their image. In some cases a client with longer hair may bring a picture of a celebrity who just recently sported a short style. For many makeover cases like this, the hair sculpture is the first step to a completely new look. As you will learn in this program, Sculpture, A Designer s Approach, hair sculpting lays the foundation for all hair design compositions, while color and texture add support and enhance the sculpture. Chapter 1, The Possibilities of Sculpture, will open your eyes and mind, helping you to envision and create a plan for your sculpture designs before the first strands of hair ever fall. 1.1 Sculpture: Up Close and Personal Most of your clients will be able to easily recognize: Short hair Medium hair Long hair Clients can usually even distinguish between hair that is layered or not. As a designer, however, your understanding of hair sculpting will go far beyond that of your clients. You will understand how various aspects of a hair design are transformed by the sculpture. You will also be able to recognize the four basic sculpted forms and how they can be combined in unlimited combinations to create an endless variety of sculptures, including current trends. Sculpture Transformation Although hair sculptures result in at least some, if not all, of the hair being somewhat shorter than before, length reduction is only one of many aspects hair designers will take into consideration when creating a new sculpture. 4 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 What sculpture transformation is really about is changing the shape (or silhouette), the surface texture and the structure of a hair design. When you understand the effects of this transformation, it becomes clear that all short hair is not the same; all medium-length hair is not the same; and all long hair is not the same. Designers can identify the ways in which hair sculptures differ by analyzing the shape, position of weight or volume, texture and length arrangement. short medium long see and think as a Designer 5

Bringing Sculpture Into Focus When bringing sculpture into focus, each of the four basic sculpted forms results in a specific surface texture. Solid forms produce the most unactivated, or smoothest, surface texture. Uniformly layered forms, on the other hand, produce the most activated surface texture. Graduated and increase-layered forms produce sculptures that are partially activated and partially unactivated. Although the surface texture of a hair design can best be seen in natural fall, when visualizing the structure of a sculpture, the hair is imagined at a 90 projection (also known as normal projection) from the curve of the head. It is in this abstract view that the blueprint of the hair sculpture can be envisioned. SOLID FORM SHAPE WEIGHT TEXTURE STRUCTURE 6 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 GRADUATED FORM SHAPE WEIGHT TEXTURE STRUCTURE increase-layered FORM SHAPE WEIGHT TEXTURE STRUCTURE UNIFormlY LAYERED Form SHAPE WEIGHT TEXTURE STRUCTURE see and think as a Designer 7

Keep in mind that hair with curly texture appears to be shorter. this curl activation also influences the way the surface texture of a sculpture is perceived. In a solid form, all lengths reach the same level and although curly, the lines are still unbroken. In an increase-layered form, hair ends disperse over the surface of the hair design featuring broken lines. Tell it like it is! Review the images below, then use a marker or pen and trace along the shapes of the designs. Then trace along the lines in the surface texture and circle the area of the designs where you notice a build-up of weight. Finally, use the space provided below each image to take note of the shape, texture and position of weight you have identified in each hair design. 8 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 1.2 Sculpture: The Bigger Picture To ensure that the new hair sculpture meets the physical and emotional needs of your client, you ll need to consider: Facial shape Body structure Hair qualities Lifestyle Personal likes and dislikes To match the vision you and your client agreed upon, you will need to make several design decisions. Each of those decisions will greatly impact the resulting hair sculpture. Sculpture Design Decisions Before you can pick up your tools and sculpt the first strand of hair, you need to visualize the form and the structure of the final design. You ll also need to decide which lines you want to use throughout the design, which of the client s features you wish to highlight and which you ll try to balance. see and think as a Designer 9

These considerations will lead you to decide which partings and design lines to use, for example: Horizontal Diagonal Vertical Determining the placement of volume within the hair design will help you decide how to distribute and project the hair. Visualizing Form When visualizing the form of a hair design, it is helpful to use geometric-shape references, such as: Square Triangle Oval Circle Once you have identified the shape, take a look at the direction along which the form unfolds. Direction is especially important because it leads the eye through a design composition. It automatically draws attention to certain areas of the design and, in many cases, it determines where in a sculpture the surface of the hair displays unactivated (unbroken) lines or activated (broken) lines. HORIZONTAL SOLID FORM DIAGONAL- FORWARD SOLID FORM DIAGONAL- BACK SOLID FORM HORIZONTAL GRADUATED FORM DIAGONAL- FORWARD GRADUATED FORM DIAGONAL- BACK GRADUATED FORM 10 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 VERTICAL INCREASE- LAYERED FORM HORIZONTAL INCREASE- LAYERED FORM DIAGONAL-FORWARD INCREASE-LAYERED FORM HORIZONTAL UNIFORMLY LAYERED FORM VERTICAL UNIFORMLY LAYERED FORM Design principles Design principles are the patterns in which hair designers arrange: Length Texture Color Understanding these principles allows you to analyze a composition in order to recreate it or adapt it to suit your client. Here are some examples of design principles that are used in sculpture: REPETITION All lengths are equal throughout or within a given area. see and think as a Designer 11

ALTERNATION Lengths alternate between short and long. PROGRESSION Lengths progress from long to short or short to long. CONTRAST Lengths may be short in one area, and longer in another. Combining Forms and Structures When you look at an image with a client, it is up to you to see as a designer to analyze the: Shape Position of weight or volume Surface texture From there you will continue to think as a designer, envisioning the structure of a design, whether it consists of one pure form or, more commonly, a combination of forms. 12 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 Most often you will be combining forms to create the look that your client desires. This means that you will sculpt one form in one area and another form elsewhere in the design. Successfully combining forms requires a great awareness of what each form will add to the overall design. The images below help you to visualize how a pure version of any form (shown in the four corner images) can be combined into a combination form. see and think as a Designer 13

Change the Sculpture, Change the Effect With your training as a hair designer you will have the power to transform your clients appearance. A change in hair sculpture, as the foundation of an overall hair design, can transform a client s look in any number of ways becoming more sporty, more sophisticated, more professional or more cutting edge, just to name a few. Notice the changes created by sculpting the hair into different shapes and surface textures in the examples shown here, and the effects these changes in sculpture have on each client. 14 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 Hair designers can look at any person and have ideas on how to improve the way he or she looks. They can also look at an image in a hair magazine and apply the basic, detail and abstract levels of observation to identify the forms sculpted to create the style. Still thinking as designers, they create a plan that lets them reproduce what they see. What You Know Now In the spaces below, write as many characteristics about each one of the four basic forms as you can remember. Once completed, compare your notes with your classmates and fill in any additional information that you may not have included. solid form graduated form increase-layered Form UNiformly layered Form see and think as a Designer 15

voices of success In other words Understanding sculpture transformations and making design decisions about hair sculpture will give you the ability to create the desired effects for your clients and expand your horizons, allowing you to see all the possibilities of hair sculpture. I love the fact that all the hair designers in my salon are able to look at a hairstyle, whether in a magazine or at a trade show, break down the look, and plan what they need to do in order to recreate it. This way my salon can always keep up with current trends. The Salon Owner I find it incredibly exciting to agree on a new look with a client and see the creation take shape. Being able to visualize the form and structure of a hair design and follow an organized plan also help me produce great results much more efficiently. The Designer I am so glad I finally found a stylist who really understands my needs. When I told him I wanted more volume at the top, he did this great layering technique that gave me just that, without cutting my hair too short. The Client learning challenge Circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer. 1. The shape of a hair design describes the: a. texture b. structure c. silhouette d. length arrangement 2. The structure of a hair design can best be seen: a. on wet hair b. on short hair c. in natural fall d. in normal projection 16 The Possibilities of Sculpture

01 3. The placement of volume within a hair design is also known as: a. weight b. direction c. activation d. surface texture 4. Sculpture transformation is about changing the hair s: a. length b. surface texture c. shape and structure d. shape, surface texture and structure 5. The surface texture of a hair design can best be seen: a. on long hair b. on curly hair c. in natural fall d. in normal projection Lessons Learned An unlimited number of hair sculptures can be created using the four basic forms by themselves or in combination with one another. Sculpting the hair influences the shape, position of weight, surface texture and structure of a hair design. A series of design decisions needs to be made before beginning a sculpture service. Sculpting peoples hair can change how they see themselves and are seen by others. see and think as a Designer 17

Jack Hollingsworth/Getty Images the possibilities of hair design 1.1 Hair Design: Up Close and Personal Hair Design Transformation Bringing Hair Design Into Focus 1.2 Wet and Thermal Hair Design: The Bigger Picture Wet and Thermal Hair Design Decisions Change the Wet and Thermal Hair Design, Change the Effect 1.3 Long Hair Design: The Bigger Picture Long Hair Design Decisions Change the Long Hair Design, Change the Effect 2 DAHD_3ED_CB_Ch01.indd 2 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN 2/14/13 2:46 PM

01 Understanding the wide range of transformations possible in hair design inspires your creativity Following THIS LESSON YOU WILL BE ABLE TO: Identify the types of hair design transformations possible in the areas of wet, thermal and long hair design Explain the elements of form, texture and direction and how they relate to hair design Summarize a series of design decisions that will lead to the desired wet and thermal hair design result Compare the changes in volume and expansion that occur when creating different wet and thermal designs Summarize a series of design decisions that will lead to the desired long hair design result Compare the changes in placement of volume and directional emphasis that occur when creating different long hair designs SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 3

Hair design is about the finish of a design composition. Whether offered as a stand-alone service, or in conjunction with another salon service, hair design is important because the techniques you use will determine how your clients look when they leave the salon. Chapter 1, The Possibilities of Hair Design, will open your eyes and mind to the amazing transformations hair design has to offer, helping you see and think as a true designer. 1.1 Hair Design: Up Close and Personal Hair design is a temporary change in form, texture and direction that is achievable through wet and thermal design as well as long hair design techniques. To provide unique and interesting hair design services, you need to understand the transformations that are possible and to sharpen your observational skills to analyze the design you envisioned before creating it. 4 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Hair Design Transformation The transformations you create in hair design can range from subtle to dramatic while suiting the needs of a range of clients. Hair design services are provided for three main purposes: To complete another service with hair design To perform a weekly or biweekly service for a client who does little or no styling at home To create a design for a special occasion DESIGN AS A Final PHASE OF salon services When a hair design service is performed as a completion phase of another salon service, commercial finishes will usually be used in order to show the results. It is important to ensure the client is pleased with the initial service and given the opportunity to check and approve it before finishing. Although you have been working toward a specific vision for your client, keep in mind that most clients don t see it come to life until the finishing phase. You will want to take extra care to ensure that the client is pleased with what he or she sees and that the finished hair design matches what you both agreed upon. Finishing a hair design with wet, thermal or long hair design techniques can accentuate a client s look after completion of another service such as a sculpture. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 5

DESIGN FOR WEEKLY OR BIWEEKLY services In many cases, clients who receive a weekly hair design service will be more mature and wear styles that require a wet setting or styling with thermal irons. These clients often expect to do little or no maintenance and the goal is to create a hair design that lasts until the next appointment. Clients with tightly curled hair, who receive thermal pressing services, often visit the salon every two weeks to avoid more frequent application of intense heat to their hair. Clients with relaxed hair may desire a wet set on rollers. Since relaxed hair tends to be drier and may require less frequent shampooing, it is often possible to book these appointments two weeks apart. 6 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 DESIGN FOR special OCCasions Special occasions, such as weddings or proms, may lead clients to make appointments solely for a wet, thermal or long hair design service. You may want to create a special look for your client that captures a more dramatic feeling than she would normally wear. Special attention to the proportions of the design relative to the client and what she will be wearing is required to create a successful design. The casual look achieved by air forming for subtle volume and indentation can be transformed by using a smaller round brush or setting the hair on hot rollers. Long hair design is a service area that allows for amazing yet temporary transformations, as these images show. In this example, straightened uniform lengths were twisted and then the ends were secured into loops for this formal, yet youthful, design. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 7

Applying these basic and detailed levels of observation is an important step in seeing and thinking about a hair design before creating it. Bringing Hair Design Into Focus Like many other hair designers, you will find many inspirations for hair designs from images around you, such as: Fashion magazines Movies TV shows Images a client brings to the salon When you start to focus on a specific design, it is important to carefully observe and analyze the characteristics of the desired look. At first glance you need to identify the overall form. Looking closer, you need to assess texture and direction. form The overall form or shape of a design is determined by the degree and placement of volume and/or indentation. 8 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Texture The texture of a hair design can be identified as straight, wavy, curly or a combination. Note that the texture speed can vary in wavy and curly hair. Straight Wavy Curly Combination Direction Directions for the design overall as well as within can be identified using any lines from the celestial axis. ANALYZE THIS! Analyze the images below and describe in your own words how the form, texture and direction of the designs have changed. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 9

1.2 Wet and Thermal Hair Design: the Bigger Picture To ensure that your wet and thermal design changes produce the desired outcome, you will need to consider many of the same things that you think about for a hair sculpture: Facial shape Body structure Hair qualities 10 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Wet and Thermal Hair Design Decisions Before creating a hair design, it is important to consult with your client so that both of you agree on the final look of the wet or thermal design. Once this is agreed upon, you can begin to make the series of design decisions that will determine the steps to make this happen. Volume and Expansion One of the key characteristics of a design is the placement of volume and expansion. These placement options are greatly influenced by the sculpted form of the client s hair. As a designer you ll be able to choose from a series of wet and thermal design techniques that may either strengthen or diminish the distinguishing characteristics of the sculpted form. Solid Form Design Choices Sleek, smooth finishes showcase the strong perimeter and unactivated texture, which are typical for a solid form sculpture. Soft movement and texture give fullness and soften the perimeter. Note that this particular design has an old-world glamour feeling. Curled texture designs show greater volume and expansion, along the perimeter. Lengths appear to be shorter when curled texture is added. graduated Form Design Choices The contrasting textures of the graduated form are emphasized by smooth, unactivated designs. The inherent width and expansion of the graduated form can be accentuated by keeping the interior lengths close to the head and expanding the weight area with a faster texture. With curlier, more activated finishes, the expansion of the form will be the greatest at the weight area or ridge line. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 11

Increase-Layered Form Design Choices When increase-layered sculptures are styled with less volume and texture, the elongation of the form remains constant and directional movement is accentuated. Adding volume and movement will expand the overall form while more clearly showing where layers fall. Longer increase-layered lengths offer great options to introduce designs featuring more texture and volume in selected areas. Uniformly Layered Form Design Choices Adding even volume throughout expands the form and makes the rounded shape more evident. When adding volume in the interior and indentation in the exterior, the silhouette of the uniformly layered form can be changed completely. Maximum expansion, roundness and activation are achieved when adding curly texture. combination Form Design Choices The basic lines of this combination form are more obvious with a smooth finish. When air forming the ends with an indentation technique, the texture of the sculpted form becomes more evident. The style can be completely tranformed when adding large curling iron texture to the longer lengths. 12 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Shape Choices As you analyze the movement and direction in the design that you and your client have chosen, you can begin to determine whether specific shapes need to be used to create the desired effects. Depending on the techniques you use, you may work with specific, clearly sectioned, geometric shapes to create the patterns and directions in which the hair should move. In other instances, as you gain experience in hair design, you may need the shape only for reference or as a more general guide. Straight Shapes Straight shapes include: Rectangles Squares Triangles Trapezoids Usually hair within a straight shape moves in one direction without curves. Straight shapes are often used in combination with curved shapes in hair design. Rectangle Parallel distribution is used within a rectangle. When analyzing a design, the hair within a rectangle shape will usually move in one direction. Triangle Triangle shapes can be used effectively to adapt to the shape of the head. Parallel or radial distribution can be used in a triangle shape. Bases will often be staggered within a triangle shape to adapt to the width of the shape. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 13

Curvature shapes Curvature shapes imply movement or motion in the hair either in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Curved lines or waves will usually be the result of working with curvature shapes, such as: Circles Ovals Oblongs Generally, only portions of these shapes are used within a hair design. Circle The circle shape, or part of it, is most often used at the hairline to create curvature movement. Half of the movement will move away from the face, and the other half of it will move toward the face. oblong Oblongs are used to create wavy movements within a design. These waves can move in a variety of directions but are most often worn from a part or moving away from the face. 14 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Design Principles Design principles can be used to describe all of the elements evident in a hair design. The texture will usually be the primary aspect influenced by your choice of design principles. Repetition of Texture alternation of Texture progression of Texture contrast of Texture SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 15

Change the Wet and Thermal Hair Design, Change the Effect When working with salon clients, designers frequently offer them different styling alternatives. In many cases, the finish that is chosen and created can depend on the mood of the client or the image and personality he or she wants to express that day. Finishing with air-forming techniques for soft volume and an under-bevel effect creates lots of shine and allows us to see the colors as well as the layered texture. Scrunch-drying creates more expansion and texture, which also make lengths appear shorter. In this example a curling iron was used to create the feminine and elegant finish. When a more sophisticated look is desired, volume air-forming techniques can be applied. IDENTIFY THE MOVEMENT, DRAW THE SHAPE Assess the image below, then use a pencil to draw the movements you have identified on the head form provided. Finally, draw the shape(s) you would use to section the hair in order to imply the various movements. 16 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 1.3 Long Hair Design: The Bigger Picture More than most other services, long hair design requires awareness of the occasion for which the design is being created. Understanding the long hair design decisions you need to make and how each affects the final result will allow you to choose the technical steps necessary to make your long hair designs a success. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 17

Long Hair Design Decisions Designers and clients need to be in agreement on the mood or impression to be portrayed by the long hair design. Should it be sophisticated and glamorous? Soft and romantic? Totally done up, or a little on the casual side? As you consult with your client, you will begin to formulate the design vision, which includes what kind of form, direction and texture you ll want to create. Based on this vision, you then need to choose the shapes and techniques needed to achieve the desired look. Position of Volume Long hair designs usually have a focal point where the main emphasis of volume or mass is placed. Since the eye is drawn to this area, you ll need to make sure that the positioning of volume helps to create a flattering overall shape for the client. Altering the size of a specific element will also change the proportion of the overall design. Be sure to carefully observe your work from various angles to ensure eye-pleasing results when viewed from various directions. In long hair design, trends and fashions may figure into placement of volume as well. 18 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Direction The direction of the form is determined by the position of shapes or volume within the design. The lines of the celestial axis can be used to analyze the overall direction of a long hair design as well as the various directions within a long hair design. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 19

Overall Direction It is important to remember that the overall direction of a design may be significantly different when analyzed from various angles. Vertical emphasis from the front view often creates a diagonal emphasis from the profile view. Designs that place emphasis at the nape, which appear to have a vertical emphasis from behind. From the side, the emphasis is diagonal. 20 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Directions Within the Form The directions within the form imply motions and play an important part in the dynamics of a design. The hair may move in various directions within a design, drawing the eye to various focal points or simply through the design. Forming multiple loops uniform in size and positioning them to move into various directions create interest without overwhelming the eye. Sweeping the lengths from the fringe area upward in a clockwise movement helps to incorporate them into the remainder of the design. Clockwise and counterclockwise knots are positioned along either side and lead the eye to the nape where several knots are positioned closely together. In this braid design the eye is led along the lines of the distribution, which converge along the center back. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 21

Design Principles In long hair design you will apply your knowledge of the design principles primarily in relation to shape, size and texture. Remember that the design principles also apply to the techniques that you use to prepare the hair for long hair designing. Whether you use rollers for a wet set, hot rollers or thermal irons, you can choose to use the same diameter throughout, progress in size from one diameter to another or create various degrees of contrast or alternation. Repetition of TEXTURE Alternation of DIRECTION Progression of shape Contrast of SHAPE 22 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Change the Long Hair Design, Change the Effect Because the creative options in long hair design are almost infinite, you can create some truly remarkable transformations. In addition to this, your training as a hair designer enables you to make the most appropriate and effective design choices for your clients. By asking the right questions and carefully listening to the answers, you will be able to create long hair designs that meet and exceed your clients expectations. A client wanting to convey a soft and romantic image for an afternoon garden party can portray a much different image with a structured, classic long hair design for a formal affair. Expansion positioned at the crown with all the hair traveling to that same area gives a more mature appearance, while intricate texture created with knots along the sides and nape creates a more youthful image. By dramatically changing the texture and placement of volume, a client can feature a classic and elegant look, but with a different long hair design can project a feminine unstructured image. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 23

WHAT S THE PRINCIPLE? Look closely at the illustrations provided below, then match them to the appropriate design principle. Note that the first design principle has already been completed. Alternation Two or more units repeating contrast Units with repetition All units are identical progression Continuous series of in a sequential order opposite qualities proportional steps form shape size Direction texture 24 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Voices of Success Not until I worked in a salon for a while did I realize how important it is to finish a client s hair design really well. The finish very often makes or breaks how well the client likes the hair sculpture or color he or she received that day. The Designer One of the greatest things about long hair design is that it allows my students to be so creative. I love to coach them along the way and see how they use their eyes to assess their work, and then apply the right techniques to achieve their desired result. The Educator I used to leave the salon and couldn t wait to wash my hair. Not because I didn t like my haircut, but because the way it was styled just wasn t me. Thankfully, the designer I see now really understands how I like to look, and we decide together how she will style my hair. The best thing is she even gives me tips so I can achieve the same look at home! The Client In other words When you understand the creative, technical and emotional aspects of hair design, you will be better able to satisfy your clients with wet, thermal and long hair designs that have a positive impact on their image. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 25

Learning Challenge Circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer. 1. Hair design is a temporary change in: a. shape b. volume c. design principle d. form, texture and direction 2. Which of the following is not one of the main purposes of hair design services: a. drying the hair b. regular upkeep c. special occasions d. completion of another service received 3. Shapes within hair design are grouped into the following two main categories: a. angular and round b. squares and triangles c. circles and rectangles d. straight and curvature 4. Curvature shapes are used to imply movement in either of the following two directions: a. up and down b. straight and curved c. clockwise and counterclockwise d. diagonal forward and diagonal back 5. Oblongs used within a design create: a. volume b. a distinct part c. wavy movements d. movement of half the hair toward the face 26 THE POSSIBILITIES OF HAIR DESIGN

01 Lessons Learned Hair design encompasses the areas of wet, thermal and long hair design. The characteristics of a hair design are form, texture and direction and their relationship with one another. A series of design and procedural decisions needs to be made before beginning a hair design service. Choosing different wet and thermal design techniques influences the volume and expansion within a design. The placement of volume in a long hair design changes the directional emphasis. Aside from technical ability, it takes creativity and listening skills to create successful hair designs. SEE AND THINK AS A DESIGNER 27

02 Workshop 01 Solid Form, Horizontal line The solid horizontal form is essential to master before moving on to other forms. The focus is on line and weight. The smooth, totally unactivated surface of the solid form helps to create a look of classic simplicity, which can be sculpted from a center or side part. Perimeter weight is accentuated by the horizontal form line. The structure graphics show the length arrangement, which is shorter in the exterior and gets progressively longer in the interior. This allows the hair to fall to one level. Create as a Designer 53

The art illustrates the horizontal parting pattern that will be used to sculpt this form. Note that the partings are consistent in width and parallel to each other. 01 02 Begin with the head in an upright position. Section the hair with a center part from the forehead to the nape. 03 Place the comb on the top of the head to determine the apex, or the highest point of the head. 54 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 04 Section from the apex down to the top of each ear. 05 Use the wide teeth of the comb to take the first horizontal parting in the nape. 06 Then flip the comb and use the fine teeth to comb the hair in natural distribution. NOTE: Designers most commonly choose the palm-up or palm-down hand position based on comfort. The key is to avoid strain on the wrist of the sculpting hand. 07 With the hair in natural fall, position your fingers parallel to the horizontal parting. Position the shears parallel to your fingers and begin sculpting in the center of the parting. 2 1 3 08 Sculpt from the center to the left side and then from the right side to the center. 09 Check the design line for accuracy before continuing. Create as a Designer 55

10 12 Continue working up the back of the head, using consistent horizontal partings, natural distribution and no projection. Sculpt parallel to the partings, sculpting the center and then either side. Avoid excessive tension and projection, which will cause activation. 13 When you begin to sculpt above the ears, distribute the hair, then use the back of the comb to push the hair toward the head. The resulting slack helps to compensate for the protrusion of the ear and ensures an accurate horizontal line in the final sculpture. 14 Sculpt parallel to the horizontal design line. 56 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 15 16 In the crown area, maintain natural distribution. Sculpt horizontally with no projection and no tension. 18 Use natural distribution and no projection while releasing tension above the ear. Notice that the closed shears may also be used. 17 The art shows that the horizontal side partings will be extended into the previously sculpted back sections. This will maintain the continuity of the line from the back to the front. 19 Sculpt parallel to the horizontal partings. Create as a Designer 57

20 Work toward the top of the section. 21 When you reach the recession area, begin to distribute the hair as it will be worn, before you begin sculpting. In some cases this will be in a slight curve around the hairline. This maintains length toward the face, avoiding any activation in the finished design. Sculpt with very little tension as you work to the top of the head. 22 23 Move to the opposite side and take the first horizontal parting, extending it to the back section. Use the same steps as on the first side, being especially careful to avoid tension over the ear. 24 Check the symmetry of both sides before continuing. 58 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 25 26 Work to the center part, distributing the hair in a curve around the front hairline. This will maintain the solid form when the hair is worn slightly off the face. 27 Use very little tension as you sculpt this last section following the horizontal lines of the previous partings. 28 This sculpture may also be styled using a side part. 29 After air forming, the solid form displays a totally unactivated surface with maximum perimeter weight. Create as a Designer 59

Workshop 01 STRAIGHT VOLUME AIR FORMING This smooth, sleek design is one of the most popular in salons today. Altering base controls while air forming with the round brush and using the straight volume technique affects the degree of volume and curved end texture. Air forming with medium- and large-diameter round brushes expands the form and adds fullness along the perimeter of this solid design. This exercise will be performed on a horizontal solid form. 70 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 The head is sectioned from a side part to the crown, and from the crown to the center nape. Horizontal partings will be used throughout the service. 01 Apply styling mousse to towel-dried hair to help create support. 02 Air form to remove most of the moisture using your fingers to control the hair. As an option, you may also use a large vent brush. Then section the hair with a side part. 03 Begin at the nape, and position a mediumsize round brush underneath the hair to create base lift. Direct the airflow on top as you dry the base, midstrand, then the ends using half-off base volume control. CREATE AS A DESIGNER 71

04 Work from the center toward one side, directing the airflow toward the ends. Repeat on the opposite side. 05 Release the next horizontal parting. Take a small portion of the previously air-formed lengths to reduce splits. Start at the center to help blend the center part. Work from the center to each side. 06 Continue to use half-off base control and the same air-forming technique. 07 Rotate the brush toward the base as you continue to direct the airflow over the hair to reinforce the curl. 08 The art shows the partings extending over the ear to the front hairline. 72 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 10 Work to the front hairline using the same air-forming technique. Direct the airflow to follow the cuticle of the hair. 09 Switch to a larger-diameter round brush. Reduce base lift by using medium projection for an off-base control. Work from the center to one side. 11 Then, work from the center toward the opposite side using medium projection. Check for symmetry before continuing. 12 Work toward the top using the same technique. Release a parting on both sides and work from the center to either side. 13 Continue the horizontal parting pattern for the remaining top lengths. 14 At the top on the light side, use the same base control and air-forming technique. CREATE AS A DESIGNER 73

15 On the heavy side, adjust the base size and brush position to create the base lift desired. Here half-off base control is used. Continue until you reach the side part. 16 17 Add a small amount of silicone gloss when air forming is complete. Distribute the product evenly in your hands. Apply it to the hair working from the ends upward. 18 19 The finish shows a smooth surface with the perimeter weight of the solid form accentuated by end texture with a bevel-under effect. 74 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 Workshop 02 Solid form, Diagonal-Back/ Convex line As a designer, you can offer this diagonal-back/convex sculpture to clients with longer lengths who want a classic look that showcases shiny, healthy hair. The diagonal-back perimeter allows clients to maintain the sleekness of one length hair while the shorter lengths around the face create interest. Artistic elements are composed in this solid form design to combine diagonal-back and convex lines. Note that the design is sculpted from a side part. The structure graphic shows that the lengths are shorter in the exterior and longer in the interior. Diagonal-back lines at the sides create a length increase toward the back. Create as a Designer 63

The art indicates that horizontal partings will be used in the back with parallel and nonparallel finger positions and design lines. Diagonal-back partings are used on the sides with parallel finger positions and design lines. 01 02 Section with a side part from the center of the left eye to the center of the crown and down the center back. Use the center of the ear as a guide to section the front from the back on either side. 03 Position the head upright and take a horizontal parting in the nape. 64 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 04 06 Using natural fall, begin sculpting the center horizontally, parallel to the parting. Move to one side and sculpt diagonally with a nonparallel finger position. Then move to the other side and repeat the same technique, sculpting along the opposite diagonal line. 08 Take subsequent horizontal partings as you work upward. 07 Note that the convex line consists of a horizontal line at the center, combined with diagonal lines at the sides. This line now serves as the stationary design line for the back section of this sculpture. 09 For consistency in sculpting, always sculpt the center of the convex line before moving to the sides. Create as a Designer 65

10 12 Continue working up the back of the head using horizontal partings with natural fall. Position your fingers parallel to the parting to sculpt the horizontal center of the convex line and nonparallel to sculpt the diagonal lines at the sides. 13 Check for symmetry before you proceed. 14 15 Maintain natural distribution as the back section is completed. 16 18 Next, move to the lighter side of the sculpture. Take diagonal-back partings that are compatible with the convex line in the back. Extend these partings to the back to ensure blending. Use natural fall and sculpt parallel to the diagonal-back parting. 66 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 19 21 Work up to the side part avoiding excessive tension, especially over the ear. Distribute the hair as it will be worn, especially in the recession area, prior to sculpting. Continue to sculpt along the diagonal-back line with no projection. 22 Move to the heavier side of the design. Use the same technique and sculpt the design line. 23 Check for symmetry before continuing on this side. Create as a Designer 67

24 Maintain accuracy when distributing around the hairline. 25 At the top of the head, distribute the hair in a slight curve around the hairline. Sculpt parallel to the diagonal-back partings. 26 Maintain this distribution while sculpting with as little tension as possible. 27 After air forming, distribute the lengths in natural fall. Use the shears to refine the perimeter and remove any unwanted hair that may remain due to natural growth patterns. 28 29 The surface appearance of the solid form enhances the convex line in the back of this design. The diagonal lines at the sides are flattering for many clients. 68 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

Workshop 02 STRAIGHT VOLUME AND INDENTATION AIR FORMING The flip has been a classic design over the years. The indentation can vary from a subtle flick to a more pronounced flip. Altering the amount of indentation can make this design look classic and sophisticated, or youthful and sporty, depending on the length of the hair and the desired result. The finish shows volume and indentation achieved by air forming with a round brush to create an expanded form with a soft flip effect along the perimeter of this solid form. This hair design has been created on a diagonal-back/convex solid form. 78 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 The art shows that the hair is sectioned with a side part from the front hairline to the crown, and then from the crown to the center nape. Then it is sectioned from the crown to the top of each ear. One-diameter (1x) horizontal partings are used throughout the exercise. 01 Apply styling mousse to towel-dried hair to create support and volume. 02 03 Air form the hair to remove excess moisture using your fingers. You may work with or without a nozzle on the blow dryer at this point. Then use a paddle brush to continue removing excess moisture while smoothing the hair. CREATE AS A DESIGNER 79

04 The art shows the back and sides are air formed in both volume and indentation. 05 Begin at the nape with a medium-diameter round brush. Position the brush under the strand using low projection to create base lift. 06 Then position the brush on top of the strand and roll the ends upward to create indentation. Position the blow dryer below the brush to allow the airflow to follow the direction of the cuticle and to help keep the hair on the brush while air forming. 07 Work from the center to one side, then from the center to the other side to help eliminate splits due to the center sectioning line. 08 Work upward, air forming the base first for volume, then the ends for indentation. Use a small section of the previously air-formed hair to help blend the bases. 80 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 09 At the crest, switch to a larger-diameter round brush. 10 Continue to position the brush under the strand to create volume at the base. 11 Then position the brush on top of the strand to create indentation at the ends, directing the airflow from below. 12 Air form the crown for volume. Project the hair according to the volume desired. 13 Position a self-adhering roller half-off base to reinforce the shape as the hair cools. Note that the diameter of the roller corresponds to the diameter of the round brush. CREATE AS A DESIGNER 81

14 15 Move to the lighter side. Air form volume for base lift. Then turn each section upward to create indentation. Watch the height of the flipped texture and adjust how far you roll the brush upward so that the side blends to the back. 16 When you reach the last section, air form for volume only. 17 Then subdivide the hair and position self-adhering rollers, using half-off base control. 18 On the heavier side, continue to air form for both volume and indentation. Air form to create an equal amount of indentation on both sides. 82 BASIC WET AND THERMAL HAIR DESIGN

02 19 20 Subdivide the last section and air form for volume only. Position self-adhering rollers half-off base. You may apply additional heat with the blow dryer to strengthen the curl. After heat is applied, allow the hair to cool on the rollers. 21 Remove the rollers and relax the hair with a large wide-tooth comb starting at the crown working forward. 22 To create additional volume you may choose to backcomb in the interior, blending bases as you work through the area that was set on rollers. 23 24 The finished hair design shows fullness through the top of the design with indentation along the perimeter. CREATE AS A DESIGNER 83

02 Workshop 03 Solid form, Diagonal- Forward line The diagonal-forward solid form is a classic favorite among designers and clients. Many trends begin with this sculpture as the foundation; endless variations of the basic form can suit a wide variety of clients. The elements in this diagonal-forward solid form create harmony and symmetrical balance. This design is most effective when sculpted above the shoulders. The structure graphic shows shorter exterior lengths and longer interior lengths, falling to a single perimeter form line. Create as a Designer 71

The art indicates that a center part, consistent diagonal-forward partings and a hairline parting are used. The hairline parting will be used to create the diagonal-forward design line and length guide. The diagonal-forward partings should be parallel to the intended design line and can vary from the standard 45 angle. 01 Begin with a center part that extends from the forehead to the center nape. 02 Release a ½" (1.25 cm) parting along the hairline. Take the parting from the center of the nape to the front hairline on either side. 03 Then use the comb to determine the lengths at the front and to envision the angle of the line you will sculpt. 72 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 04 With the head upright, use natural distribution and comb control to sculpt the design line. Position the comb diagonally on one side, and sculpt parallel to the comb with no projection and no tension. 05 Use the same technique on the opposite side. Note that your comb and shears will be positioned along the opposite diagonal line to create a concave line. Check the angle of your comb and shears before sculpting. 06 Check balance and symmetry, observing the line in natural fall. Then gently pull down the strands on either side to check the lengths for symmetry. 07 Return to the left side and continue sculpting a diagonal-forward line, working toward the front hairline. Continue using natural distribution and comb control following the diagonal form line. 08 Move to the right side and complete the design line by sculpting from the back toward the front. 09 Check for symmetry before proceeding. If you are working in front of a mirror, check the line in the reflection as well. Create as a Designer 73

10 The art shows diagonal-forward lines connecting in the center. Note that you will alternate from one side of the head to the other throughout the exercise. 11 Release a parting parallel to the previously sculpted design line on both sides. Beginning on the left side, use natural distribution, minimal tension and no projection. Position fingers parallel to the design line and sculpt. 12 Repeat on the right side. 13 14 Take subsequent partings parallel to the initial diagonal-forward parting on each side. Work from the center nape outward. Sculpt parallel and continue to check for symmetry as you work. 74 Sculpting the Four Basic Forms

02 15 When you reach the first parting above the ear, extend partings to the front hairline on both sides. 16 Begin sculpting at the center back of the left side and work toward the front hairline. 17 Continue using natural distribution and no projection. Avoid tension, especially when sculpting hair that is distributed over the ear. 18 Work toward the top of the head. Alternate from one side to the other, sculpting each parting from the center back toward the front hairline. 19 The art shows that the hair is distributed in a slight curve around the hairline to avoid activation and create a pure diagonal-forward line when the hair is finished. Create as a Designer 75

What type of design line is used to sculpt uniform length?

What projection angle is used to sculpt the uniformly layered form?

What shape is a uniformly layered form?

When interior increase layers are sculpted at longer lengths the resulting texture of the hair sculpture will be?