Musical structure generally features a balance between unity and variety.

Índice Show

What are the basic structural concepts in the element of form?
What are the separate sections of a large musical work called?
What are the features that give each melody a distinctive character?
What are the four properties of musical sound?

Tonal Harmony

6th EditionDorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka

276 solutions

Music in Theory and Practice, Volume 1

9th EditionBruce Benward, Marilyn Saker

145 solutions

Music in Theory and Practice, Volume 1

9th EditionBruce Benward, Marilyn Saker

145 solutions

Music in Theory and Practice

8th EditionBruce Benward, Marilyn Saker

145 solutions

What quality of a work of art refers to its structure or shape?

The basic structural concepts in the element of form are:

A vocal work in which each poetic stanza is sung to the same melody is in:

The term_____Describes the technique whereby some aspects of the music are changed, yet the whole remains recognizable.

The form based on a statement and a departure without a return to the complete opening statement is called:

What does Binary form look like?

Ternary form is represented by the pattern:

The compositional technique whereby a composer searches out a theme's capacity for growth and expansion is known as:

A basic technique in thematic development is the fragmentation of themes into:

The smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-rhythmic unit is called a:

Osinato, or the repetitive use of a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic patter is common in:

The separate sections of a large musical work are called:

(T/F) Musical structure generally features a balance between unity and variety.

(T/F) The restatement of a theme or motive at a higher or lower pitch level is known as a sequence.

(T/F) Call and response style is common in African and Native American cultures.

MUSIC OUTLINE

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An important part of the activities of humankind since the beginning of recorded history.
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Today music plays a vital and important role in the lives of human beings.
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It is found everywhere in our world.
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One more stimulus in the vast ocean of stimuli gathered by our senses daily.

Humans use music for many purposes:

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Personal entertainment

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Contemplative activities.

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Relaxation.

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Stimulation.

Music has the power to influence psychological aspects of behavior both consciously and unconsciously

- Transmission and Reception of Sound

Three requirements for sound to "occur" in an environment:

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A vibrating source to initiate sound

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A medium to transmit sound vibrations throughout the environment - such as air or water.

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A receiver to hear or record sound vibrations. Many varieties of vibrating sources in the World:

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Vocal cords

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A membrane of animal hide or synthetic material

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A stretched string that is plucked or bowed

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Objects such as wood, stone, clay, metal and glass that are struck

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Rattling of beads in a small enclosure,

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Clapping of hands, singing of birds,grunts and groans of animals

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Buzzing of lips in a small resonating tube

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Splitting of an air stream

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Small pieces of reed attached to a tube and set in motion by the action of human breath

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Many, many other natural vibrating sources.

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Sound may also be produced artificially by electronic synthesis
Music Elements
Notation
Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Texture
Form
Dynamics
Timbre
NOTATION

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Written on paper, so that the music may be performed again and again.

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Music notation system

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Enjoyment and understanding of most music is not dependent upon the ability to read and interpret written music notation.

MELODY - (Line, Space)
Melody�
A succession of single tones or pitches that are perceived to be unified. Characteristics of Melody:

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Pitch�The highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency (rate of vibration)

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Interval�The distance and relationship between two pitches.

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Range�The distance between the lowest and highest tones of a melody, an instrument, or a voice. (narrow, medium or wide)

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Shape�The direction a melody takes as it turns upward or downward, or remains static.

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Phrase�As in language, a unit of meaning within a larger structure; thus, a melody may be divided into component phrases.

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Cadence�A resting place in a musical phrase-musical punctuation.

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Countermelody�An accompanying melody playing against the principal melody. RHYTHM - (Rhythm, Pattern, Repetition, Time)
Rhythm�
The element of time in music. Characteristics of Rhythm:

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Beat�Regular pulsation; a basic unit of length in musical time.

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Accent�Emphasis on a note, so that it is louder or longer than another.

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Tempo�The rate of speed or pace of the musical pulse. (grave, largo, adagio, andante, allegro, vivace)�
Measure�A rhythmic group or unit that contains a fixed number of beats, divided on the musical staff by bar lines.

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Meter�The grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures.

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Upbeat�The last beat of a measure, a weak beat, which anticipates the downbeat, the first beat of the next measure.

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Downbeat�The first beat of a measure, the strongest in any meter.

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Syncopation�Deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat, or an offbeat.

Polyrhythmic - The simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters.

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Nonmetric�Music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter. HARMONY - (Balance)
Harmony �
The simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords. Characteristics of Harmony:

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Chord � Simultaneous combination of tones (typically three or more) that constitute a single block of harmony.

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Scale � A series of tones or pitches in ascending or descending order. �
Tonality � The principal of organizing a work around a central tonic, or home pitch, based on a major or minor scale.
Tonic
Diatonic
Chromatic

Consonance

Dissonance

Drone

TEXTURE - (Texture)
Texture
�The interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and harmonic elements in the musical fabric. Generally described as:

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Monophonic one voice/part presents a single melody.

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Heterophonic: Two or more voices/parts elaborate on the same melody simultaneously.

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Homophonic: principle melody and accompanying harmony. �
Polyphonic: two or more melodies combine into a multi-voiced texture. FORM - (Shape, Form)
Form�
The structure or shape of a musical work, based on repetition, contrast, and variation; the organizing principle of music. Characteristics of Form:

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Repetition�Within a form, repetition fixes the material in our mind and satisfies our need for the familiar; it provides unity to a form. (Pattern)

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Contrast�Within a form, contrast sustains our interest and feeds our love of change. (Variety)

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Variation�A principle in which some aspects of the music are altered but still recognizable. Repetition
, variation, and contrast are the foundational procedures on which music composition rests.

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Theme�A melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a composition. There are a variety of ways to create thematic development (motive, sequence, ostinato).
Motive�A small, thematic fragment that constitutes a melodic-rhythmic unit.
Sequence�A restatement of an idea at a higher or lower pitch level.
Ostinato�A short musical pattern � melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic- that is repeated persistently throughout a work or major section of a composition.

In this example, a short (four-note) descending pattern in the bass is heard throughout under the voices.

DYNAMICS - (Emphasis, Subordination, Value)
Dynamics�
Designations for the relative loudness or quietness of music.

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Pianissimo, Piano, Mezzo-piano, Forte, Fortissimo
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Crescendo�The dynamic effect of gradually growing louder
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Decrescendo�The dynamic effect of gradually growing softer.
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Sforzando �A sudden stress or accent on a single note or chord.

TIMBRE - (Color)
Timbre�
The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another. Also called "tone color." Characteristics of Timbre:

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Voices�The standard voice types are: (female) soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto; (male) tenor, baritone, and bass.

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String family�Two types of instruments: bowed and plucked. (Violin, viola, cello, bass, harp and guitar)

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Woodwind family�Instruments where breath is used to produce sound across a reed or hole. (Flute, piccolo, clarinet, bassoon, oboe, bass clarinet and saxophone).

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Brass family�Trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba.

� Percussion family�Instruments that are played by striking their surface. (Drums, xylophone, chimes, triangle, etc�)

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Keyboards�Instruments that are played by pressing keys that cause a hammer to strike a taught string. (Piano, harpsichord, and synthesizers).

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Ensembles�Musical performing groups (instrumental, vocal and mixed)

What are the basic structural concepts in the element of form?

Form refers to the largest shape of the composition. Form in music is the result of the interaction of the four structural elements described above [sound, harmony, melody, rhythm]."

What are the separate sections of a large musical work called?

Types of sections include the introduction or intro, exposition, development, recapitulation, verse, chorus or refrain, conclusion, coda or outro, fadeout, bridge or interlude.

What are the features that give each melody a distinctive character?

Characteristics of Melody:.

· Pitch—The highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency (rate of vibration).

· Interval—The distance and relationship between two pitches..

· Range—The distance between the lowest and highest tones of a melody, an instrument, or a voice. ( narrow, medium or wide).

· ... .

What are the four properties of musical sound?

Since sound is a wave, it has all of the properties attributed to any wave, and these attributes are the four elements that define any and all sounds. They are the frequency, amplitude, wave form and duration, or in musical terms, pitch, dynamic, timbre (tone color), and duration.