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Terms in this set (217)Consider the statement from Part A reading "a 3-solar-mass black hole may be hidden between Jupiter and Saturn." How do we know this statement is not true? An object of that mass would disrupt the orbits of the planets in our solar system. Consider the statement from Part A reading "the singularity of a black hole has infinite density." Why is this statement in the "unknown" bin? General relativity and quantum mechanics give different answers about the nature of singularity. Consider the statement from Part A reading "black holes make up 1% of the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy." Why is this statement in the "unknown" bin? We cannot detect all black holes and therefore don't know the percentage of the galaxy's mass they make up Which of the following statements about gravitational waves are true? - The first direct detection of gravitational waves, announced in 2016, came from the LIGO observatory. - The emission of gravitational waves from merging black holes is predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity. - Two orbiting neutron stars or black holes will gradually spiral toward each other as a result of energy being carried away by gravitational waves. Which of the following best describes a black hole? A place from which the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. The boundary from within which light cannot escape from a black hole is called the black hole's __________. event horizon What is the Schwarzschild radius of a 10 solar mass black hole? 30 km if you tried to a visit ________, you would probably be killed by radiation well before you reached the black hole itself black hole in an X-ray binary system
Ignoring any radiation, you could in principle survive the journey across the event horizon of a _________ supermassive black hole If you tried to fly into a _______, you would be killed by tidal forces before you crossed the event horizon 10-solar mass black hole Which of the following accurately describe some aspect of gravitational waves? - the first direct detection of gravitational waves came in 2015 - gravitational waves carry energy away form their sources of emission - gravitational waves are predicted to travel through space at the speed of light - the existence of gravitational waves is predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity Consider a binary system of two neutron stars. How should the emission of gravitational waves affect this system? It should cause the orbits of the two objects to decay with time. With current technology, we expect to be able to detect (directly) gravitational waves from a binary system of two neutron stars or two black holes _______ only from the instant when the two objects merge into one
LIGO detects gravitational waves because the lengths of its arms change as gravitational waves pass by. About how much are these lengths expected to change when LIGO detects gravitational waves from the merger of two neutron stars or two black holes? by an amount smaller than the diameter of a proton Given such small length changes (as noted in Part D), what can give scientists confidence that they have really detected a gravitational wave signal? detecting the same changes at more than one location Degenearcy pressure arises when ________. subatomic particles are packed as tightly as the laws of quantum mechanics allow Gravitational waves were first detected directly in 2015. According to models, the source of these gravitational waves was __________. the merger of two black holes the ______ is the place to which all of a black hole's mass is in principle located within the black hole. singularity A (n) _____ occurs when fusion ignites on the surface of a white dwarf nova
A neutron star can remain stable in size because of neutron degeneracy pressure A white dwarf can remain stable in size because of electron degeneracy pressure A (n) ______ can form around white form around a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole in a binary system accretion disk A (n) ____ is rapidly rotating neutron star pulsar the ____ marks the boundary between the inside and outside of a black hole event horizon Which of the following statements about degeneracy pressure is not true? Degeneracy pressure can arise only from interactions among electrons. What caused the rapid spin of a neutron star that we see as a pulsar? the conservation of angular momentum during the collapse of the original star's core How does an accretion disk around a neutron star differ from an accretion disk around a white dwarf? The accretion disk around a neutron star is much hotter and emits higher-energy radiation. Which of the following statements about electron degeneracy pressure and neutron degeneracy pressure is true? Electron degeneracy pressure is the main source of pressure in white dwarfs, while neutron degeneracy pressure is the main source of pressure in neutron stars. After a massive-star supernova, what is left behind? either a neutron star or a black hole This figure shows how the luminosity of supernovae change over time. How long does it take a white dwarf supernova to decrease in luminosity by a factor of 100 from its peak? about 200 days From an observational standpoint, what is a pulsar? an object that emits flashes of light several times per second (or even faster), with near perfect regularity What causes the radio pulses of a pulsar? As the neutron star spins, beams of radio radiation sweep through space. If one of the beams crosses the Earth, we observe a pulse A 10 solar mass main sequence star will produce which of the following remnants? neutron star Which statement concerning black hole masses and Schwarzschild radii is not true In a binary system with a black hole, the Schwarzschild radius depends on the distance from the black hole to the companion star. Part complete the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Suppose you were unfortunate enough to fall into a black hole in a binary system where the black hole was accreting matter from its companion star. Which of the following is most likely to kill you first? X-rays from the accretion disk What is the basic definition of a black hole? an object with gravity so strong that not even light can escape What do we mean by the singularity of a black hole? It is the center of the black hole, a place of infinite density where the known laws of physics cannot describe the conditions. How does a black hole form from a massive star? During a supernova, if the mass of the infalling core has enough gravity to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure, the core will collapse to a black hole. Suppose you drop a clock toward a black hole. As you look at the clock from a high orbit, what will you notice? Time on the clock will run slower as it approaches the black hole, and light from the clock will be increasingly redshifted.
The first gravitational waves were detected in 2015 by the LIGO observatories in Washington and Louisiana. What event was thought to cause these gravitational waves? two black holes merging Which of the following statements correctly summarize key differences between the disk and the halo? - Disk stars come in a broad range of masses and colors, while halo stars are mostly of low mass and red. - Stars in the disk all orbit in the same direction and nearly the same plane, while halo stars have more randomly oriented orbits. - Gas and dust are abundant in the disk but not in the halo. - Clusters of young stars are found only in the disk. If we could view our galaxy from a distance of several hundred thousand light-years, it would appear ________. as a flattened disk with a central bulge and spiral arms Part complete It prevents us from seeing most of the visible and ultraviolet light from the galactic disk. Where is most of the dark matter in our galaxy thought to exist? spread throughout the halo of the galaxy The Sun's location in the Milky Way Galaxy is ____ in the galactic disk, slightly over halfway out from the center What are the Magellanic Clouds? two small galaxies that orbit the Milky Way Galaxy What makes up the interstellar medium? gas and dust Approximately how long does it take the Sun to orbit the center of the Milky Way Galaxy? 200 million years disk stars - youngest stars - the sun - stars that all orbit in nearly - high-mass stars Halo Stars
- globular clusters - oldest stars - stars whose orbits can be - stars with the smallest To calculate the dashed orbits from the stellar positions, astronomers had to assume that __________. if they observed for many more years, the dots would trace out ellipses Notice that some of the stars on the diagram are represented by a series of dots that are very close together, while others have their dots farther apart. Keeping in mind that all the stellar positions were measured at approximately one-year intervals, which stars are moving the fastest in their orbits during the time period indicated by the dots? the dots farthest apart To determine the mass of the central object, we must apply Newton's version of Kepler's third law, which requires knowing the orbital period and average orbital distance (semimajor axis) for at least one star. We could consider any of the stars shown in the figure, so let's consider the star with the highlighted orbit (chosen because its dots are relatively easy to distinguish). What is the approximate orbital period of this star? 20 yr Look again at the orbit of the star with the highlighted orbit. By comparing the orbit to the scale bar shown on the diagram, you can estimate that this orbit has a semimajor axis of about _____. 1150 AU The following equation, derived from Newton's version of Kepler's third law, allows us to calculate the mass (M) of a central object, in solar masses, from an orbiting object's period (p) in years and semimajor axis (a) in
astronomical units: Using this formula with the values you found in Parts C and D, what is the approximate mass of the central object? 4 million solar masses From Part E you know the mass of the central object. Now consider its size. Based on what you can see in the diagram, you can conclude that the diameter of the central mass is __________. no more than about 70 AU You've now found that the central object has a mass of about 4 million solar masses but is no more than about 70 AU in diameter—which means it cannot be much larger than the size of our planetary system. Why do these facts lead astronomers to conclude that the central object is a black hole? There is no known way to pack so much mass into such a small volume without it collapsing into a black hole. If you wanted to observe the center of our galaxy, you would need to point a telescope in the direction of the constellation __________. Sagittarius Consider the portion of the video that starts with the all-sky view of the Milky Way and then zooms in to the galactic center. All of the images except the first two show radio, infrared, or X-ray light. Why don't these images show visible light? Interstellar dust in the galactic disk prevents us from seeing the galactic center with visible light. Consider all of the observations shown in the video. Which of the following are reasonable conclusions? - Gas orbits the radio source called Sgr A*. - There are strong magnetic fields in the central region of the galaxy. - Stars near the galactic center are much closer together than stars around our Sun. What characteristics of the orbiting stars do we need to measure in order to calculate the mass of the central object, Sgr A*? their orbital periods and average orbital distances Part complete 4 million Part complete radio waves How did star formation likely proceed in the protogalactic cloud that formed the Milky Way? The stars that formed first could orbit the center of the galaxy in any direction at any inclination. Most stars in the Milky Way's halo are _______ very old Part complete The older the star, the lower its abundance of heavy elements. Which of the following does not accurately describe what we observe toward the Galactic center? At optical wavelengths, we see a cluster of old, red stars. What evidence supports the existence of a very massive black hole at the center of our galaxy? The motions of the gas and stars at the center indicate that it contains 4 million solar masses within a region no larger than our solar system. How do we know the total mass of the Milky Way Galaxy that is contained within the Sun's orbital path? by applying Newton's version of Kepler's third law (or the equivalent orbital velocity law) to the Sun's orbit around the center of the Hubble's law expresses a relationship between __________. the distance of a galaxy and the speed at which it is moving away from us We can always determine the recession velocity of a galaxy (at least in principle) from its redshift. But before we can use Hubble's law, we must first calibrate it by __________. measuring the distances to many distant galaxies with a standard candle technique Suppose that you measure a galaxy's redshift, and from the redshift you determine that its recession velocity is 30,000 (3×104) kilometers per second. According to Hubble's law, approximately how far away is the galaxy? 1.4 billion light-years Based on what you have learned, which of the following best describes the meaning of Hubble's constant (H0 )? It describes the expansion rate of the universe, with higher values meaning more rapid expansion. The graph of Hubble's law shows that galaxies with high speeds as measured from Earth are __________. moving away from Earth and are farther from Earth than galaxies with lower speeds
By looking at the graph of Hubble's law, what can we say about the galaxies that have the lowest speeds? They are moving away from Earth and are closer to Earth than galaxies with high speeds. Suppose that galaxy B is twice as far from Earth as galaxy A. Hubble's law predicts that galaxy B will be moving away from Earth with approximately _____. twice the velocity of galaxy A Imagine that when we looked out into the universe we found that the light from all galaxies was blueshifted (rather than redshifted) and that the light from the most distant galaxies was blueshifted by the greatest amount. Which statement best describes what we would conclude about the motions of galaxies in this case? All are moving toward Earth, with distant galaxies moving faster than nearby galaxies. The age of the universe is related to the slope of the graph of Hubble's law, and current data put the age of the universe at about 14 billion years. Suppose that future observations showed that the slope of Hubble's law on the graph is actually steeper than that shown. In that case, the age of the universe would be _________ than 14 billion years because the universe is expanding ______ than current data suggest. (Each choice gives words to fill in the two blanks, separated by a slash.) younger / more rapidly Radar, the first link in the cosmic distance chain, is used to establish the baseline distance necessary for the second link, parallax. What baseline distance must we know before we can measure parallax? the Earth-Sun distance Which cosmic distance measurement techniques are considered standard candle techniques? - white dwarf supernovae - Cepheids - main-sequence fitting Suppose that Cepheids did not exist and there were no other standard candle technique that worked at the same distances. Which statement would be true? We would not be able to measure the distances of distant galaxies. Why do we use Hubble's law to estimate the distances of most distant galaxies, rather than using white dwarf supernovae in all cases? We have not observed white dwarf supernovae in most galaxies. Imagine that radar had never been invented and that we instead had to rely on a less reliable method of measuring distances in our solar system. If that method led us to underestimate the Earth-Sun distance by 10%, how would it affect other measurements in the distance chain? They would all be off by the same 10%. Which technique is the most useful for measuring the distance to a galaxy located 10 million light-years away? Cepheids To get started, click on the blue Cepheids link on the main screen of the Interactive Figure. The Interactive Figure (in red) shows a graph of the Cepheid period-luminosity relation. This graph indicates that __________. Cepheids with longer periods have higher luminosities A Cepheid with a period of 30 days has an average luminosity that is about __________ times the luminosity of the Sun. (You will have to click on the blue Cepheids link on the main screen of the Interactive Figure to get back to the relevant plot.) 10,000 Click on the blue Cepheid label, then click the label on the bottom of the Interactive Figure that reads Cepheids as Standard Candles to bring up the next screen. Read the instructions that appear in the upper left hand corner and study the animation. What actually causes a Cepheid to vary in apparent brightness?
The Cepheid varies in radius, and its luminosity is greater when its radius is larger. Click on the blue Cepheid label, then click the label on the bottom of the Interactive Figure that reads Cepheids as Standard Candles to bring up the next screen. Then click the Next button in the Interactive Figure to bring up the screen that shows a Cepheid light curve in the upper left. What is the approximate luminosity of the Cepheid whose light curve is shown in the graph? 9000 LSun Click on the blue Cepheid label, then click the label on the bottom of the Interactive Figure that reads Cepheids as Standard Candles to bring up the next screen. Then click the Next button in the Interactive Figure to bring up the screen that shows a Cepheid light curve in the upper left. Notice that the window with the light curve also has a box that tells you the apparent brightness of the Cepheid, which shows a value of 1.3×104. (The units are shown in the box, but you only need to focus on the numerical value.) Based on this apparent brightness and the luminosity you found in Part D, what is the approximate distance to this Cepheid? 2.5 million light-years Which of the following three-step processes correctly describes how we use Cepheids as a tool to make cosmic distance measurements? In all cases, assume that the Cepheid's apparent brightness has been carefully measured through observations. Step 1: Measure the period of the Cepheid's brightness variations. Elliptical Galaxy - stars form rapidly as the - protogalactic cloud has high density - a galaxy collision strips - protogalactic cloud rotates Spiral Galaxy - most protogalactic gas - protogalactic cloud has In a photo like the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (the figure in your textbook), we see galaxies in many different stages of their lives. In general, which galaxies are seen in the earliest (youngest) stages of their lives? the galaxies that are farthest away The most basic difference between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies is that ________. elliptical galaxies lack anything resembling the disk of a spiral galaxy Based on counting the number of galaxies in a small patch of the sky and multiplying by the number of such patches needed to cover the entire sky, the total number of galaxies in the observable universe is estimated to be approximately 100 billion Why do spiral galaxies appear blue in color? Their light output is dominated by hot, massive blue stars. The most massive galaxies in the universe are elliptical Which of the following types of galaxies appear reddest in color? ellipticals Suppose we observe a Cepheid variable in a distant galaxy. The Cepheid brightens and dims with a regular period of about 10 days. What can we learn from this observation? We can learn the distance to the galaxy. In 1924, Edwin Hubble proved that the Andromeda Galaxy lay far beyond the bounds of the Milky Way, thus putting to rest the idea that it might have been a cloud within our own galaxy. How was he able to prove this? By observing individual Cepheid variable stars in Andromeda and applying the period-luminosity relation Why are white dwarf supernovae more useful than massive star supernovae for measuring cosmic distances? White dwarf supernovae all have roughly the same true peak luminosity, while massive supernovae come in a wide range of peak luminosities. Suppose that Hubble's constant were 20 kilometers per second per million light-years. How fast would we expect a galaxy 100 million light-years away to be moving? (Assume the motion is due only to Hubble's law.) away from us at 2,000 km/s Does Hubble's law work well for galaxies in the Local Group? Why or why not? No, because galaxies in the Local Group are gravitationally bound together. Which statement below correctly describes the relationship between expansion rate and age for the universe? The faster the rate of expansion, the younger the age of the universe. Why can't we see past the cosmological horizon? Beyond the cosmological horizon, we would be looking back to a time before the universe was born. A standard candle is ________. a light source of known luminosity Given that white dwarf supernovae are such good standard candles, why don't we use them to measure the distance to all galaxies? They are rare events, so we have observed them in only a tiny fraction of all galaxies. Although the entire universe may be much larger than our observable universe, we can see only within our observable universe. The "boundary" of our observable universe is called ________. the cosmological horizon Cosmological redshift is the result of ________. the expansion of the universe This figure shows the Cepheid period-luminosity relation. What is the approximate luminosity of a Cepheid star that varies in brightness on a 10 day cycle? about 3000 times the luminosity of the sun What two quantities did Edwin Hubble compare for a sample of galaxies to discover the expansion of the universe? velocity and distance Which of the following is not a good reason why white-dwarf supernovae are good standard candles for distance measurements? White-dwarf supernovae occur only among young and extremely bright stars. What makes white-dwarf supernovae very good standard candles for distance measurements? They should all have approximately the same luminosity. This figure shows Hubble's law. If a galaxy is observed to be moving away from us at 30,000 km/s, how far away is it? about 1400 million light-years Based on current estimates of the value of Hubble's constant, about how old is the universe? 14 billion years old Which of the following is a consequence of Hubble's Law? The more distant a galaxy is from us, the faster it moves away from us. What is the most accurate way to determine the distance to a very distant galaxy? white dwarf supernova What is the most accurate way to determine the distance to a nearby galaxy? Cepheid variables What is the most accurate way to determine the distance to a nearby star? stellar parallax Hubble's "constant" is not constant throughout time. If we say that a galaxy has a lookback time of 1 billion years, we mean that _________. its light traveled through space for 1 billion years to reach us Which of the following observations (if made) would disprove an important prediction of the Big Bang theory? the discovery of a galaxy with 10% helium abundance Which of the following statements best explains what we mean when we say that the strong force "froze out" at 10-38 second after the Big Bang? This force first became distinct at this time.
According to the Big Bang theory, how many forces, and which ones, operated in the universe during the GUT era? 2 forces: gravity and a single force that later became the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces What was the significance of the end of the era of nucleosynthesis, when the universe was about 5 minutes old? The basic chemical composition of the universe had been determined. Which adjective does not necessarily describe a known feature of the early universe? (Be sure to consider the universe as a whole, not just the observable universe.) small In principle, if we could see all the way back in time we could see the Big Bang taking place. However, our view is blocked for times prior to about 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Why? In principle, if we could see all the way back in time we could see the Big Bang taking place. However, our view is blocked for times prior to about 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Why? Based on our current understanding of physics, we can understand the conditions that prevailed in the early universe as far back in time as about ________. one ten-billionth of a second after the Big Bang What is the significance of the Planck time? Before it, conditions were so extreme that our current understanding of physics is insufficient to predict what might have occurred What do we mean by inflation in the context of the Big Bang theory? a sudden and extremely rapid expansion of the universe that occurred in a tiny fraction of a second during the universe's first second of existence What is the main idea of the Big Bang theory? the idea that all matter and energy in the universe began in an unimaginably dense state, and then space itself began expanding in all directions We have direct experimental evidence (from large particle accelerators) for the physical conditions in the universe back to about ________ after the Big Bang. 10^ -10 seconds If the electromagnetic force is stronger than gravity, then why is it overpowered by gravity on large scales? Most objects are electrically neutral. What do we mean by inflation? a sudden expansion of the universe driven by the energy released when the strong and electroweak forces froze out from the GUT force Why might inflation have occurred at the end of the GUT era? An enormous amount of energy was released when the strong and electroweak forces froze out from the GUT force. What direct evidence do we have that the weak and electromagnetic forces were once unified as a single force? Particle accelerators on Earth can reach energies equivalent to the high temperatures of the Electroweak era and have produced particles predicted by the unified theory. What happened to all of the quarks that existed freely during the particle era? They combined in groups to make protons, neutrons, and their antiparticles. What kinds of atomic nuclei formed during the nucleosynthesis era? hydrogen, helium and trace amounts of lithium, beryllium, and boron Why did the era of nuclei end when the universe was about 380,000 years old? The universe had expanded and cooled enough for stable, neutral atoms to form. Why is the sky dark at night? because the universe is not infinitely old, so the distance we can see is limited Olbers' paradox is an apparently simple question, but its resolution suggests that the universe is finite in age. What is the simple question posed by Olbers' paradox? Why is the sky dark at night? How does the theory of inflation explain the near-uniformity of the cosmic microwave background? Prior to rapid inflation, all regions of space were close enough to bounce radiation back-and-forth and reach the same temperature. What is postulated to have caused a sudden inflation of the early universe? the energy released from the "freezing out" of the strong force from the GUT force Why do we think tiny quantum ripples should have been present in the very early universe? The principles of quantum mechanics require that the energy fields at any point in space be continually fluctuating. How does the idea of inflation account for the existence of the "seeds" of density from which galaxies and other large structures formed? Inflation would have caused random, tiny quantum fluctuations in energy fields to grow into the density differences in the primordial gas from which galaxies formed. Why did the Big Bang not produce heavier elements? By the time helium could survive, the temperature had become too low for heavier elements to form. The cosmic microwave background peaks at a wavelength of about 1 mm, and the universe has a temperature of about 3 K. If the microwave background peaked at a wavelength of 10 micrometers, what would its temperature be? (Hint: see Cosmic Calculations 5.1 and 17.1 in the textbook) about 300 K Why do we expect the cosmic background radiation to be almost, but not quite, the same in all directions? The overall structure of the universe is very uniform, but the universe must have contained some regions of higher density in order for galaxies to form. From what cosmic epoch do the photons in the cosmic background radiation originate? the end of the era of nuclei Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science today? Prior to the Planck time, our universe sprouted from another universe. What is the temperature of the universe today? 3 K Which of the following observations cannot be explained by the Big Bang theory unless we assume that an episode of inflation occurred? the fact that the temperature of the cosmic microwave background is almost the same everywhere According to the Big Bang theory, why do we live in a universe that is made of matter rather than antimatter? During the rst 0.001 second after the Big Bang, particles and antiparticles were made in almost but not perfectly equal numbers. Everything annihilated except the very slight excess of matter particles. Why is the Big Bang theory the only theory of the universe you learn about in a typical astronomy class? No competing theory has survived the test of evidence. If observations had shown that the cosmic microwave background was perfectly smooth (rather than having very slight variations in temperature), then we would have no way to account for ________. how galaxies came to exist
In stars, helium can sometimes be fused into carbon and heavier elements (in their final stages of life). Why didn't the same fusion processes produce carbon and heavier elements in the early universe? By the time stable helium nuclei had formed, the temperature and density had already dropped too low for helium fusion to occur. The Big Bang theory is supported by two major lines of evidence that alternative models have not successfully explained. What are they? (1) The theory predicts the existence of and the specific characteristics of the observed cosmic microwave background; (2) the theory correctly predicts the observed overall chemical composition of the universe. What are the two possible explanations for not seeing something glowing brightly along every line-of-sight in the sky? II and III What are two key observational facts that led to widespread acceptance of the Big Bang model? the cosmic background radiation and the helium content of the universe Which of the following statements about the cosmic background radiation is not true? It is the result of a mixture of radiation from many independent sources, such as stars and galaxies that formed within the first billion years of the Big Bang. Which of the following is not consistent with observations of the cosmic microwave background? The universe is at least 20 billion years old. The Planck era refers to the time period before the Planck time. Why can't current theories describe what happened during the Planck era? We do not yet have a theory that links quantum mechanics and general relativity. How many forces operated in the universe during the GUT era? Two: gravity and the GUT force What happens when a particle of matter meets its corresponding antiparticle of antimatter? The combined mass of the two particles is completely transformed into energy (photons). Which of the following observations were made by Vera Rubin and Kent Ford? - Many spiral galaxies have hydrogen gas clouds orbiting their centers at surprisingly high speeds. - Stars in the outskirts of the Andromeda galaxy orbit the galaxy's center at surprisingly high speeds. Who first noticed the surprisingly high speeds of galaxies within clusters? Fritz Zwicky What is it about the observations of Zwicky, Rubin, and Ford that suggests the existence of large quantities of dark matter? The observed orbital speeds are too high to be explained by the gravity of the visible stars and gas clouds. Notice that the "verdict" at the end of the Extraordinary Claims essay still leaves open the possibility that dark matter does not exist and that there is instead some problem with our theory of gravity. Which of the following hypothetical observations would give scientists substantially greater confidence in the existence of dark matter? Direct detection of WIMPs in laboratories on Earth. Which of the models predict that galaxies should be getting farther apart now? (Keep in mind that now is located at at time=0years on the graph.) - accelerating - coasting - critical - recollapsing Which of the models predict that galaxies will eventually get closer together in the future? - recollapsing Which model predicts the largest average distance between galaxies 6 billion years ago? - accelerating Which model is most clearly ruled out by the data on the graph? - recollapsing Which model is most strongly supported by the data on the graph? - accelerating Each data point represents a single white dwarf supernova that has been observed. The data points that appear farthest to the left on the graph represent the white dwarf supernovae that are the __________. - farthest away from us What additional data would be most valuable in helping scientists evaluate whether the accelerating model really is the best of the four models? More observations of very distant white dwarf supernovae The Rotation Curve for a Merry-Go-Round animation shows a rotating merry-go-round. Click several points on the merry-go-round, and watch the corresponding points appear on the graph below it. This graph is what we call a rotation curve, because it plots the speed at which any point rotates around the center (the orbital speed) against the distance of that point from the center. Based on the graph, you can conclude that doubling the distance of a point from the center of the merry-go-round would __________. double its orbital speed Now, let's turn our attention to rotation curves for orbiting masses which are not rigidly held together like the points on a merry-go-round. The Rotation Curve of the Solar System animation shows the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Click on each of the orbits, and watch the corresponding points appear on the graph below it. If a planet (or asteroid) orbited the Sun at three times the distance of Mars, its orbital speed would be __________. between one-third and two-thirds the orbital speed of Mars Why does the rotation curve for the solar system show speeds that become slower with increasing distance from the Sun? Because the Sun contains most of the mass of the solar system Open the Rotation Curve of a Spiral Galaxy animation and click at various distances from the galactic center to create a graph of the galaxy's rotation curve; be sure to start with points very close to the galactic center and continue to well beyond the visible part of the galaxy. Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of the graph? Starting from the center, speeds at first rise rapidly, and then become nearly constant with increasing distance. To understand why the galaxy rotation curve in Part D is flat, we must first understand how gravity determines the orbital speeds of stars around the galactic center. Consider any star on a circular orbit around the center of the galaxy. The speed of the star's orbit depends on the star's distance from the galactic center and __________. the mass of the galaxy that resides within the star's orbit From Part D, you know that the galaxy's rotation curve is nearly flat, even well beyond the point at which we see any stars in the galaxy. According to the law of gravity as we understand it today, the only explanation for these this flatness is that __________. substantial amounts of mass must reside at great distances from the galactic center Examine the visible light image of the Bullet Cluster. What kind of cluster is it? a galaxy cluster Study the composite image of the Bullet Cluster, as well as the animations. What do the two large, red-colored regions in the composite image represent? X-ray emission from hot gas There are also two large blue-colored regions in the composite image. These blue regions are labeled as "dark matter" based on __________. observations of gravitational lensing by the cluster From Parts A though C, you should understand the three major components shown in the composite Bullet Cluster image. Notice that the hot, X-ray-emitting gas (red) is not in the same place as most of the visible galaxies and most of the matter (blue). How do we think the hot gas came to be in a different place from the galaxies and most of the matter? The Bullet cluster is actually two separate galaxy clusters that have collided, stripping out hot gas in the process. Careful measurements show that the hot, X-ray-emitting gas in the Bullet Cluster contains about 7 times as much total mass as all the stars in the cluster's galaxies combined. Therefore, the fact that the most of the gravity is in the blue regions that surrounds the visible galaxies, rather than in the regions with the hot gas, indicates that __________. there is even more matter surrounding the galaxies than there is in the hot gas As noted in the Introduction, some scientists have proposed that dark matter does not really exist. According to this view, all matter is ordinary (baryonic), but at large distances from matter, gravity does not precisely obey either Newton's or Einstein's theories of gravity. Is this alternative view of gravity consistent with what we observe in the Bullet Cluster? Why or why not? No. If all matter was ordinary, then the blue region representing the location of most of the matter would line up with the red region representing the hot gas. Which of the following best summarizes what we mean by dark matter? matter that we have identified from its gravitational effects but that we cannot see in any wavelength of light Why do we call dark matter "dark"? It emits no radiation of any wavelength. What evidence suggests that the Milky Way contains dark matter? We observe clouds of atomic hydrogen far from the galactic center orbiting the galaxy at higher speeds than they would have if they felt only the gravitational attraction from objects that we can see. Although most astronomers assume dark matter really exists, there is at least one other possible explanation for the phenomena attributed to dark matter. What is it? There could be something wrong or incomplete with our understanding of how gravity operates on galaxy-size scales. How do we know that galaxy clusters contain a lot of mass in the form of hot gas that fills spaces between individual galaxies? We detect this gas from the X-rays it produces. If WIMPs really exist and make up most of the dark matter in galaxies, which of the following is not one of their characteristics? They travel at speeds close to the speed of light. On average, is the distance between galaxies increasing within clusters of galaxies? No, because their gravity is strong enough to hold them together even while the universe as a whole expands. Which of the following statements best summarizes current evidence concerning dark matter in individual galaxies and in clusters of galaxies? Dark matter is the dominant form of mass in both clusters and in individual galaxies. What do we mean when we say that particles such as neutrinos or WIMPs are weakly interacting? They respond to the weak force but not to the electromagnetic force, which means they cannot emit light. The distribution of the dark matter in a spiral galaxy is approximately spherical and much larger than the galaxy's visible halo. How do X-ray measurements help us measure the amount of dark matter in galaxy clusters? X-rays are emitted by hot gas, and the intracluster gas is heated by the gravitational effects of dark matter. More dark matter leads to greater heating, and hence stronger X-ray emission. Which of the following is the most likely candidate for what makes up the majority of dark matter? WIMPs The actual matter density of the universe, accounting for all of the luminous matter and all of the dark matter known to exist in galaxies and clusters, is what fraction of the critical density? about 30 percent Why can't the dark matter in galaxies be made of neutrinos? Neutrinos travel at extremely high speeds and can escape a galaxy's gravitational pull. Based on current evidence, a supercluster is most likely to have formed in regions of space where ________. the density of matter was slightly higher than average when the universe was very young
Why isn't the space within our solar system or the Milky Way expanding according to Hubble's Law? The gravity exerted by the solar system and the Milky Way is strong enough to hold them together against the expansion of the universe. Which of the following best describes how galaxies are distributed on large scales in the universe? Galaxies appear to be distributed in chains and sheets that surround great voids Based on observations of the cosmic microwave background, the overall composition of the universe is approximately ________. 5% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 27% non-ordinary (nonbaryonic) dark matter, 68% dark energy Which of the following statements best describes the current state of understanding regarding the apparent acceleration of the expansion of the universe? We have moderately strong evidence that the acceleration is real, but essentially no idea what is causing it. The critical density of the universe is the ________. average density the universe would need for gravity to someday halt the current expansion if dark energy did not exist What is the primary form of evidence that has led astronomers to conclude that the expansion of the universe is accelerating? observations of white dwarf supernovae Which of the following best sums up current scientific thinking about the nature of dark energy? Dark energy probably exists, but we have little (if any) idea what it is. Why do astronomers think the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating, rather than decelerating (as previously thought)? The average distance between galaxies is greater than expected when looking at very distant galaxies. Which model of the universe gives the youngest age for its present size and expansion rate? a re-collapsing universe Considering the graph of expansion models, which model(s) predict(s) that galaxies will eventually get closer together? recollapsing Which model(s) predict(s) that galaxies are getting farther apart NOW? all of them Some people wish that we lived in a recollapsing universe that would eventually stop expanding and start contracting. For this to be the case, which of the following would have to be true (based on current understanding)? Dark energy does not exist and there is much more dark matter than we are aware of to date. If all the "dark matter" in our universe were to be instantaneously removed, which of the following would not happen? The Solar System would fly apart. Sets with similar termsASTRO HW 9, 10, 11, 12269 terms hanarou ASTR 101 final171 terms mckenna_ballard6 ASTR 101 TAMU - EXAM 3 (FINAL)294 terms Tyler_Carbo ASTR101: TEST 3276 terms naomising Sets found in the same folderASTR 101 Chapter 1259 terms linzi_standiford9 AST 105 HW 1220 terms kalin_hale AST1002 Mastering Astronomy Ch 15-1864 terms Adrianna_191 Astronomy Ch. 13 Final12 terms tinklover635 Other sets by this creatorComm 305 Final Exam14 terms harsh6650 Engl 227 Exam 324 terms harsh6650 English 227 Exam 284 terms harsh6650 Comm 305 Exam 215 terms harsh6650 Verified questions
ASTRONOMY What are the advantages to using radio waves for communication between civilizations that live around different stars? List as many as you can. Verified answer
ASTRONOMY The globular clusters revolve around the Galaxy in highly elliptical orbits. Where would you expect the clusters to spend most of their time? (Think of Kepler’s laws.) At any given time, would you expect most globular clusters to be moving at high or low speeds with respect to the center of the Galaxy? Why? Verified answer
ASTRONOMY Explain three lines of evidence that indicate that the seasons in North America are not caused by the changing Earth-Sun distance as a result of Earth’s elliptical orbit around the Sun. Verified answer
ASTRONOMY Why is there so little evidence of Earth’s earliest history and therefore the period when life first began on our planet? Verified answer Other Quizlet setsAmino Acids30 terms SarahLundy1208PLUS Fines & Limit Tests49 terms Jheartspandas Microsoft Command-Line Tools40 terms BryceBridges13 Related questionsQUESTION I double the distance between myself a galaxy. The galaxy's luminosity is now this: 2 answers QUESTION Why is the large Kuiper Belt Object Eris considered a "dwarf planet" rather than a true planet? 10 answers QUESTION The study of the universe and its contents falls under the discipline of 4 answers QUESTION Which of these variable stars would be classified as a RR Lyrae variable? (hint: what is the normal period of an RR Lyrae?) 2 answers What best describes a gravitational wave?Which of the following accurately describe some aspect of gravitational waves? -Gravitational waves carry energy away from their sources of emission. -The existence of gravitational waves is predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity.
What are gravitational waves quizlet?What are gravitational waves? " a wave propagated on a liquid surface or in a fluid through the effects of gravity"
What do gravitational waves show us?Detecting and analyzing the information carried by gravitational waves is allowing us to observe the Universe in a way never before possible, providing astronomers and other scientists with their first glimpses of literally un-seeable wonders.
Which of the following can create gravitational waves?Some examples of events that could cause a gravitational wave are: when a star explodes asymmetrically (called a supernova) when two big stars orbit each other. when two black holes orbit each other and merge.
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Which of the following accurately describe some aspect of gravitational waves?
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