Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1st & 2nd Floor, Zion Building, [email protected] Toll Free:1800 833 0800 Office Hours: 10 AM to 7 PM (all 7 days) Layers of the AtmosphereOur planet's unique atmosphere contains four distinct layers. These layers are divided vertically on the basis of temperature. The different layers alternate between regions of increasing temperature and decreasing temperature with height. (If you are not familiar with how pressure behaves in the atmosphere click here for a quick lesson.) The figure below shows how temperature varies with altitude in the atmosphere. The x-axis represents temperature in degrees Celsius and the y-axis represents altitude. Note the alternating regions of decreasing and increasing temperature with height. An inversion exists when temperature increases with altitude. The figure below shows the four layers: the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, and the Thermosphere. Between each layer exists a "pause" in which the temperature remains constant with height. THERMALSTRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE The Troposphere The troposphere is characterized by turbulent mixing and overturning. This turbulence results from uneven heating of the surface and the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with height in this layer. This temperature decrease is known as the environmental lapse rate and averages 6.5 ºC/km. This layer extends from the surface up to an average altitude of 11 km (Ahrens 10). This altitude can range as high as 16 km in the tropics to less than 9 km over the poles (Lutgens 19). This range is due to the temperature differences between the tropics and poles. The warm surface temperatures and turbulent mixing over the tropics help to push the troposphere's boundary upward (Lutgens 19). The tropopause extends above the troposphere. Temperature remains constant with height in this layer. Jet streams flow through the tropopause where the latitudinal variations in temperature are great. The Stratosphere A large concentration of ozone (O3) is found in the stratosphere, with a maximum concentration at about 25 km. This "ozone layer" absorbs much of the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. Heat is released as the UV is absorbed, which then heats the atmosphere. This explains why temperature increases with height in this layer. (Ahrens 15) It is interesting to note that the inversion continues beyond the maximum density of ozone. The reason for this is that much of the available UV radiation is already absorbed by ozone above the level of maximum density. Therefore, there is less potential UV that can be absorbed, resulting in lower temperatures near the bottom of the stratosphere. The stratopause lies above the stratosphere, and like the tropopause, temperature remains constant with height. At the stratopause, the pressure is only 1 mb! This means 99.9% of the atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere and troposphere. Yet the atmosphere continues upward: 99% of the remaining mass is found in the mesosphere and 1% in the thermosphere (Wallace and Hobbs 24). The Mesosphere The mesopause lies above the mesosphere, separating it from the thermosphere. The Thermosphere Now what about this thing called the Ionosphere? Click this link to find out! => <= Go Home |