What is the behavior of a Red

Since the beginnings of culture, humans have been interested in nature, which, as a source of food, materials, and tools, has played an important part in our everyday life (Dobzhansky, 1962). Observation of animal behaviour has played a role in the development of human culture, from historical beliefs concerning gods and idols in ancient religions (Houlihan, 1986; Pande and Pande, 2016) to present-day inspirations and emotional pleasure, i.e. by ecotourism (Ormsby and Mannle, 2006; Reddy and Yosef, 2016). Nowadays, although half of the world's population lives in cities (UNEP, 2014), humans still need connections with nature (Manfredo, 2008). This need, combined with new technologies, the popularity of social media, and the ‘share/like’ culture, has created an opportunity for scientific research, resulting in a new branch of science. Citizen science, whereby data are collected, shared, and uploaded (e.g. as videos or photos) by amateurs, has become an important tool in scientific research. Modern technology, encompassing images taken by smartphones and drones and the use of profiled online websites, cloud applications, basic surveys, and interviews with amateur scientists, constitutes a database for citizen science projects (Hausmann et al., 2017).

One segment of citizen science projects is based on data from social media networks. Social media are recognised as a potential supplementary data source, involving not only social and physical phenomena but also environmental and ecological domains (Chapron, 2015). However, these social data sources have not yet been explored by scientists. Online sources are potentially significant in many biodiversity studies, as they involve interaction between human perception and nature, and thus serve as important tools in the conservation of landscapes and ecosystems (Oteros-Rozas et al., 2016). Previous studies have demonstrated the important role of social media in e.g. capturing information on biodiversity, promoting visitation and tourism in protected areas (Hausmann et al., 2018), or monitoring red-listed (van der Wal and Arts, 2015) or invasive (Mori et al., 2017) species.

For instance, in ecological and behavioural studies, Google Images has served as a database for a study of mutualistic associations of African mammals and birds (Mikula et al., 2018). Photos from web pages for bird watchers, e.g. eBird and iNaturalist, were used to assess the distribution of invasive Amazon parrot species (Amazona spp.) (Mori et al., 2017). Many sources of citizen science, such as Google, Google Images, Flickr, and YT, were used to determine, on a global scale, predation on bats by diurnal birds of prey (Mikula et al., 2016). In plant ecology, a great deal of data from citizen science is supplied to global databases, such as GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), enabling more definite conclusions regarding e.g. the impact of climate change on tree species distributions (Dyderski et al., 2018).

Our study aimed to assess which behaviour types are recorded by people in YT videos. YT, the best worldwide tool at present for sharing videos, has been used as a suitable database for citizen science projects, e.g. a study on the behaviour of shrikes (Laniidae) (Dylewski et al., 2017). In this study we focused on two squirrel species: the red (Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758) and the grey one (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788). These species were chosen based on certain identification and moderate abundance. We focused on videos filmed in Europe, specifically on behaviour filmed in two habitat types: urban and forest. We hypothesised that in an urban environment, due to greater human population density in comparison to rural environments, the number of videos featuring squirrels would be greater, and that, in accordance with differences in the biology and behaviour of squirrels, the frequency of recorded types of behaviour would vary as well. The grey squirrel is an invasive alien species in Europe, responsible for the decline of red squirrels in Britain Isles and in Italy (Gurnell and Pepper, 1993; Gurnell et al., 2004a,b; Bertolino et al., 2014); due to the higher ability of the introduced species to exploit trophic resources with respect to the native ones (Wauters et al., 2002a,b; Gurnell et al., 2006). Nevertheless, the interference competition hypothesis was rejected by Wauters and Gurnell (1999), where aggressive and competitive behaviour of grey squirrel did not influence the success of the invasion. We also investigated whether recorded types of behaviour varied between habitats. Our study enabled us to determine whether YT videos are biased by human preferences (e.g. recording only interesting behaviour), which may limit their usage in ecological research.

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  Rapidly increasing resources of citizen science databases (CS) collecting information on species occurrence are increasingly useful as a data source for global biodiversity research. The photos attached to records allow to verify the species identification and identify its phenological phase. We assessed CS data's usefulness in large-scale phenological research on temperate forest understory species, using a common and widely distributed in Europe: Anemone nemorosa. We analyzed 9804 photos from CS databases. We found 177 15’ grid cells with ≥10 observations of flowering plants for bootstrap estimation of flowering onset and offset. We predicted flowering dates for the present and future climate according to Shared Socioeconomic Pathways averaged over four global circulation models for 2040–60 and 2060–80 across A. nemorosa natural range. The estimated magnitude of change in the flowering phenology for both future periods is comparable. The estimated flowering onset median was 24–41 days earlier while flowering offset median was 19–34 days earlier than predicted for the current climate. We estimated a flowering length median of up to 7 days longer than for current climatic conditions. The predicted changes in the phenology of flowering will not significantly change the duration of flowering but will accelerate onset of this phenophase by about one month. Our study showed that CS might provide a valuable dataset that allows for developing reliable models of plant phenology. It was possible due to a large sample size, resulting from species characteristics: flowering when wider audience is interested in searching spring indicators, easy identification and abundant occurrence. We demonstrated that using dataset of such spatiotemporal extent can cautiously be used for development of future predictions. Such approach allows for evaluating flowering phenology in the understory and to improve understanding the consequences of climate change for biodiversity and functioning of temperate ecosystems.

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  YouTube is an online video sharing platform attracting billions of users from global audiences. Videos containing wildlife are an increasingly popular subject, with such content being a valuable tool for educating on wildlife initiatives and having the potential to make a meaningful impact on future conservation. Here we examine the content of videos from the YouTube channel Brave Wilderness. This channel has uploaded 662 videos and counting which in total has recently surpassed 4 billion views for their wildlife-centric and conservation-themed outreach. Brave Wilderness shows diverse biodiversity spanning animals, plants, and microbes from a multitude of habitats, and often highlights under-represented taxa. The content of successful videos, such as those that go viral, can be examined to understand what images and messages resonate with a wide audience, thereby informing conservation practitioners on future outreach efforts. The most popular content on Brave Wilderness includes interactions with diverse species including venomous organisms, charismatic megafauna, and unusual taxa. As internet use continues to expand, and the need for content increases, scientists can benefit from participating with and directly contributing to entertaining and educational digital media efforts beyond traditional means of scientific communication.

• iEcology: Harnessing Large Online Resources to Generate Ecological Insights

  2020, Trends in Ecology and Evolution

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  Digital data are accumulating at unprecedented rates. These contain a lot of information about the natural world, some of which can be used to answer key ecological questions. Here, we introduce iEcology (i.e., internet ecology), an emerging research approach that uses diverse online data sources and methods to generate insights about species distribution over space and time, interactions and dynamics of organisms and their environment, and anthropogenic impacts. We review iEcology data sources and methods, and provide examples of potential research applications. We also outline approaches to reduce potential biases and improve reliability and applicability. As technologies and expertise improve, and costs diminish, iEcology will become an increasingly important means to gain novel insights into the natural world.

• Identifying Popular Frogs and Attractive Frog Calls from YouTube Data

  2022, Sustainability (Switzerland)

• Viewing the rare through public lenses: Insights into dead calf carrying and other thanatological responses in Asian elephants using YouTube videos

  2022, Royal Society Open Science

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  What personality does red have?

  If red is your favorite color, it's said that you are bold, boisterous, and full of energy. Your spontaneous nature and need for adventure makes you a passionate and ambitious individual, and you also might harbor a slight competitive streak.

  What is normal red Behaviour?

  Red is often associated with excitement, danger, violence, aggression, and sex.

  What emotions describe red?

  (2009) have shown that people tend to associate red with negative, danger-bearing emotions, since it is the color of fire, blood, anger, and sometimes of poisonous or dangerous animals.

  Is red aggressive?

  Men wearing red were rated as more aggressive and more dominant and were more often categorized as 'angry' than targets wearing grey or blue.