B. Multiple Choice
Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter.
1. The tendency toward rationalism and indifference in religion was reversed beginning about 1800 by
a. the rise of Deism and Unitarianism.
b. the rise of new groups like the Mormons and Christian Scientists.
c. the revivalist movement called the Second Great Awakening.
d. a large influx of religiously traditional immigrants.
e. the emergence of Roman Catholicism.
2. Two denominations that became the dominant faiths among the common people of the West and South were
a. Episcopalians and Unitarians.
b. Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
c. Quakers and Seventh Day Adventists
d. Lutherans and Catholics.
e. Methodists and Baptists.
3. Which of the following was not characteristic of the Second Great Awakening?
a. Enormous revival gatherings, over several days, featuring famous evangelical preachers
b. A movement to overcome denominational divisions through a united Christian church
c. The spilling over of religious fervor into missionary activity and social reform
d. The prominent role of women in sustaining the mission of the evangelical churches
e. An intense focus on emotional, personal conversion and a democratic spiritual equality
4. Evangelical preachers like Charles Grandison Finney linked personal religious conversion to
a. the construction of large church buildings throughout the Midwest.
b. the expansion of American political power across the North American continent.
c. the Christian reform of social problems in order to build the Kingdom of God on earth.
d. the organization of effective economic development and industrialization.
e. a call for Christians to withdraw from worldly materialism and politics.
5. The term Burned-Over District refers to
a. an area where fires were used to clear land for frontier revivals.
b. areas where Baptist and Methodist revivalists fiercely battled one another for converts.
c. the region of western New York State that experienced especially frequent and intense revivals.
d. the areas of Missouri and Illinois where the Mormon settlements were attacked and destroyed.
e. the church conventions where Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians split over slavery.
6. The major effect of the growing slavery controversy on the churches was
a. a major missionary effort directed at converting African American slaves.
b. the organization of the churches to lobby for the abolition of slavery.
c. an agreement to keep political issues like slavery out of the religious area.
d. a prohibition on slaveowning by clergy.
e. a split of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians into separate northern and southern churches.
7. Besides their practice of polygamy, the Mormons aroused hostility from many Americans because of
a. their cooperative economic practices that ran contrary to American economic individualism.
b. their efforts to convert members of other denominations to Mormonism.
c. their populous settlement in Utah , which posed the threat of a breakaway republic in the West.
d. their practice of baptizing the dead without the permission of living relatives.
e. the political ambitions of their leaders Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.
8. The major promoter of an effective tax-supported system of free public education for all American children was
a. Mary Lyons.
b. Horace Mann.
c. Noah Webster.
d. Susan B. Anthony.
e. Abraham Lincoln.
9. Reformer Dorothea Dix worked for the cause of
a. women’s right to higher education and voting.
b. international peace.
c. better treatment of the mentally ill.
d. temperance.
e. antislavery.
10. One primary cause of women’s subordination in nineteenth-century America was
a. the cult of domesticity that sharply separated women’s sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace.
b. women’s primary involvement in a host of causes other than that of their own rights.
c. the higher ratio of females to males in many communities.
d. the prohibition against women’s participation in religious activities.
e. the widespread belief that women were morally inferior to men.
11. Besides the hostility and ridicule it suffered from most men, the pre–Civil War women’s movement failed to make large gains because
a. it was overshadowed by the larger and seemingly more urgent antislavery movement.
b. women were unable to establish any effective organization to advance their cause.
c. several prominent feminist leaders were caught up in personal and sexual scandals.
d. it became bogged down in pursuing trivial issues like changing women’s fashions.
e. most ordinary women could not see any advantage to gaining equal rights.
12. Many of the American utopian experiments of the early nineteenth century focused on all of the following except for
a. communal economics and alternative sexual arrangements.
b. temperance and diet reforms.
c. advanced scientific and technological ways of producing and consuming.
d. developing small-business enterprises and advanced marketing techniques.
e. doctrines of reincarnation and transcendental meditation.
13. Two leading female imaginative writers who added luster to New England’s literary reputation were
a. Sarah Orne Jewett and Kate Chopin.
b. Toni Morrison and Mary McCarthy.
c. Sarah Grimké and Susan B. Anthony.
d. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Abigail Adams.
e. Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.
14. The Knickerbocker Group of American writers included
a. Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, and Susan B. Anthony.
b. George Bancroft, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Herman Melville.
c. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant.
d. Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe.
e. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edith Wharton, and Henry James
15. The transcendentalist writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller stressed the ideas of
a. inner truth and individual self-reliance.
b. political democracy and economic progress.
c. personal guilt and fear of death.
d. love of chivalry and return to the medieval past.
e. religious tradition and social reform.
C. Identification
Supply the correct identification for each numbered description.
1. Deism Liberal religious belief, held by many of the Founders such as Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin, that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than Christian revelation while retaining belief in a Supreme Being
2. Second Great Awakening Religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward, stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of American life
3. Methodists and Baptists The two religious denominations that benefited most from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century
4. Mormons Religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah
5. Burned-Over District Area of western New York state where frequent, fervent religious revivals produced intense religious controversies and numerous new sects
6. Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls Memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence
7. Oberlin College Evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit blacks and women
8. Brook Farm Short-lived intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on “plain living and high thinking”
9. Monticello Thomas Jefferson’s stately self-designed home in Virginia that became a model of American architecture
10. Shakers Long-lived communal religious group, founded by Mother Ann Lee, that emphasized simple living and prohibited all marriage and sexual relationships
11. Transcendentalism Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the early nineteenth century
12. Civil disobedience The doctrine, promoted by American writer Henry David Thoreau in an essay of the same name, that later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.
13. Federal Style Architectural style that borrowed from classical Greek and Roman examples which emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint.
14. Hudson River School Art movement of the 1820’s and 1830’s lead by Thomas Cole, which celebrated the grand divinity of nature.
15. Minstrel Shows Popular nineteenth-century musical entertainments that featured white actors and singers with painted black faces
D. Matching People, Places, and Events
Match the person, place, or event in the left column with the proper description in the right column by inserting the correct letter on the blank line.
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1. J Dorothea Dix 2. C Brigham Young 3. L Elizabeth Cady Stanton 4. O Lucretia Mott 5. K Emily Dickinson 6. D Charles Grandison. Finney 7. G Amelia Bloomer 8. A John Humphrey Noyes 9. F Mary Lyon 10. M Louisa May Alcott 11. B James Fenimore Cooper 12. I Ralph Waldo Emerson 13. N Walt Whitman 14. E Edgar Allan Poe 15. H Herman Melville |
a. Leader of a radical New York commune that practiced complex marriage and eugenic birth control b. Bold, unconventional poet who celebrated American democracy c. The “Mormon Moses” who led persecuted Latter-Day Saints to their promised land in Utah d. Influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening e. New York writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece f. Pioneering women’s educator, founder of Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts g. Female reformer who promoted short skirts and trousers as a replacement for highly restrictive women’s clothing h. Second-rate poet and philosopher, but first-rate promoter of transcendentalist ideals and American culture i. Eccentric genius whose tales of mystery, suffering, and the supernatural departed from general American literary trends j. Quietly determined reformer who substantially improved conditions for the mentally ill k. Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality l. Leading feminist who wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” in 1848 and pushed for women’s suffrage m. A leading female transcendentalist who wrote Little Women and other novels to help support her family n. Path-breaking American novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization o. Quaker women’s rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery |
E. Putting Things in Order
Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5.
1. 5 A leading New England transcendentalist appeals to American writers and thinkers to turn away from Europe and develop their own literature and culture.
2. 3 A determined reformer appeals to a New England legislature to end the cruel treatment of the insane.
3. 4 A gathering of female reformers in New York declares that the ideas of the Declaration of Independence apply to both sexes.
4. 1 Great evangelical religious revival begins in western camp meetings.
5. 2 A visionary from New York state creates a controversial new religion.
F. Matching Cause and Effect
Match the historical cause in the left column with the proper effect in the right column by writing the correct letter on the blank line.
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Cause |
Effect |
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1. H The Second Great Awakening 2. G The Mormon practice of polygamy 3. E Women abolitionists’ anger at being ignored by male reformers 4. I The women’s rights movement 5. C Unrealistic expectations and conflict within perfectionist communes 6. A The Knickerbocker and transcendentalist use of new American themes in their writing 7. J Henry David Thoreau’s theory of civil disobedience 8. B Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass 9. F Herman Melville’s and Edgar Allan Poe’s concern with evil and suffering 10. D The Transcendentalist movement |
a. Created the first literature genuinely native to America b. Captured, in one long poem, the exuberant and optimistic spirit of popular American democracy c. Caused most utopian experiments to decline or collapse in a few years d. Inspired writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller e. Aroused hostility and scorn in most of the male press and pulpit f. Made their works little understood in their lifetimes by generally optimistic Americans g. Aroused persecution from morally traditionalist Americans and delayed statehood for Utah h. Inspired a widespread spirit of evangelical reform in many areas of American life i. Led to expanding the crusade for equal rights to include women j. Inspired later practitioners of nonviolence like Gandhi and King |