This article is about the 2022 Russian occupation of Ukraine. For German occupation of Ukraine during WWII, see Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
(For another, semi up-to-date, interactive map, see here)
Occupied Territories of Ukraine, defined as "temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine" (Ukrainian: Тимчасово окупована територія України, romanized: Tymchasovo okupovana terytoriia Ukrainy) in Ukrainian law during the Russo-Ukrainian War, and makes no distinction between Russian and "pro-Russian" administrations as both are de facto controlled by the Russian government. The occupation started in 2014 following the Russian invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, along with the mostly unrecognized Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics capturing parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts during the War in Donbas.[citation needed] In 2022, Russian forces initiated a full-scale invasion of the nation and successfully occupied more territory throughout the country. However, due to continued fierce Ukrainian resistance, coupled with logistical challenges (e.g. a column of stalled Russian convoy heading to Kyiv), Russia announced its withdrawal from its occupations of Chernihiv, Kyiv, Sumy, and Zhytomyr Oblasts in early April. As of August 2022, Russian forces continued to occupy all or parts of Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, and Mykolaiv Oblasts.
Background[edit]
With the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity since November 2013, popular protests across Ukraine ousted the pro-Russian then Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, who fled to Russia for safety. Petro Poroshenko, one of the opposition leaders during Euromaidan, won a landslide victory in the election after the ousting to succeed Yanukovych. The growing pro-European sentiment at the center of this period of upheaval causes unease in the Kremlin, and Russian president Putin soon decided to send troops to invade and annex the Crimean peninsula, which was successful but at the cost of sanctions from Western nations. In addition, with pro-Russian counter-protests across Eastern and Southern Ukraine in response to the ousting of Yanukovych, Russia allegedly supported pro-Russian militant separatists in the Donbas region in taking control of major government buildings. These separatists eventually created the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, and have since been at conflict with the now-pro-European Ukrainian government, known as the War in Donbas.
In response to Russian military intervention, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted government laws (with further updates and extensions) to qualify the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories:
- Autonomous Republic of Crimea:
- Law of Ukraine No. 1207-VII (15 April 2014) "Assurance of Citizens' Rights and Freedom, and Legal Regulations on Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine".[1]
- Separate Raions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts:
- Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1085-р (7 November 2014) "A List of Settlements on Territory Temporarily Uncontrolled by Government Authorities, and a List of Landmarks Located at the Contact Line".[2]
- Law of Ukraine No. 254-19-VIII (17 March 2015) "On Recognition of Separate Raions, Cities, Towns and Villages in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions as Temporarily Occupied Territories".[3]
Before February 2022[edit]
Since Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, it administers the peninsula under two federal subjects: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Ukraine continues to claim the peninsula as an integral part of its territory, which is supported by most foreign governments through the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262,[4] even though Russia and some other UN member states have expressed support for the 2014 Crimean referendum, implying recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation. In 2015, the Ukrainian parliament officially set 20 February 2014 as the date of "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia".[5]
The uncontrolled portions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts are commonly abbreviated as "ORDLO" from Ukrainian, especially among Ukrainian news media. ("certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts", Ukrainian: Окремі райони Донецької та Луганської областей, romanized: Okremi raiony Donetskoi ta Luhanskoi oblastei)[6] The term first appeared in Law of Ukraine №1680-VII (October 2014).[7] Documents of the Minsk Protocol and the OSCE refer to them as "certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions" (CADLR) of Ukraine.[8]
The Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories is the Ukrainian government ministry that oversees government policy towards the regions.[9] As of 2019, the government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[10] The United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on 17 December 2018, designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[11]
The Ukrainian army was concerned in 2019 about the deployment of 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles on Russian naval and coast guard vessels operating in the Sea of Azov, which is adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories. As a result, Mariupol and Berdyansk, two main Pryazovian seaports, suffer from an increase in insecurity[12] (both cities were captured in 2022).
Temryuk and Taganrog, two other ports on the Sea of Azov, have allegedly been used to disguise the provenance of anthracite coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the temporarily occupied territories.[12]
Territories Affected[edit]
Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the Government of Ukraine is issuing (as extension to government order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII) up-to-date "List of Temporarily Occupied Regions and Settlements" and a "List of Landmarks Bordering the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone".[13] As of 16 September 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has made four updates to order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII:
- Addendum No. 128-р as of 18 February 2015[14]
- Addendum No. 428-р as of 5 May 2015[15]
- Addendum No. 1276-р as of 2 December 2015[16]
- Addendum No. 79-р as of 7 February 2018[17]
- Addendum No. 410-р as of 13 June 2018[18]
- Addendum No. 505-р as of 5 July 2019[19]
- Addendum No. 1125-р as of 16 September 2020[20]
Some settlements' names are the result of 2016 Decommunization in Ukraine.[21][22]
The list below is based on the extension as of 7 February 2018. The borders of some raions have changed since 2015.
- Autonomous Republic of Crimea (entire region)
- Donetsk Oblast
- Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements:
- Donetsk
- Horlivka
- Debaltseve
- Dokuchaievsk
- Yenakiieve
- Zhdanivka
- Khrestivka (before 2016: Kirovske)
- Makiivka
- Snizhne
- Chystiakove (before 2016: Torez)
- Khartsyzk
- Shakhtarsk
- Ridkodub
- Yasynuvata
- Amvrosiivka Raion (all settlements)
- Bakhmut Raion (before 2016: Artemivsk Raion):
- Bulavynske
- Vuhlehirsk
- Oleksandrivske
- Olenivka
- Vesela Dolyna
- Danylove
- Illinka
- Kamianka
- Bulavyne
- Hrozne
- Kaiutyne
- Vozdvyzhenka (before 2016: Krasnyi Pakhar)
- Stupakove (before 2016: Krasnyi Pakhar)
- Savelivka
- Debaltsivske (before 2016: Komuna)
- Kalynivka
- Lohvynove
- Novohryhorivka
- Nyzhnie Lozove
- Sanzharivka
- Olkhovatka
- Pryberezhne
- Dolomitne
- Travneve
- Lozove
- Volnovakha Raion:
- Andriivka
- Dolia
- Liubivka
- Malynove
- Molodizhne
- Novomykolaivka
- Nova Olenivka
- Petrivske
- Chervone
- Pikuzy
- Mariinka Raion:
- Kreminets
- Luhanske
- Oleksandrivka
- Staromykhailivka
- Syhnalne
- Novoazovsk Raion (all settlements)
- Starobesheve Raion (all settlements)
- Boikivske Raion (before 2016: Telmanove Raion) (all settlements)
- Shakhtarsk Raion (all settlements)
- Yasynuvata Raion:
- Vesele
- Bétmanove (before 2016: Krasnyi Partyzan)
- Mineralne
- Spartak
- Yakovlivka
- Kruta Balka
- Kashtanove
- Lozove
- Vasylivka
- Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements:
- Luhansk Oblast
- Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements:
- Luhansk
- Alchevsk
- Antratsyt
- Brianka
- Holubivka (before 2016: Kirovsk)
- Khrustalnyi (before 2016: Krasnyi Luch)
- Sorokyne (before 2016: Krasnodon)
- Pervomaisk (known as Oleksandrivka)
- Rovenky
- Dovzhansk (before 2016: Sverdlovsk)
- Kadiivka (before 2016: Stakhanov)
- Antratsyt Raion (all settlements)
- Sorokyne Raion (before 2016: Krasnodon Raion) (all settlements)
- Lutuhyne Raion (all settlements)
- Novoaidar Raion:
- Sokilnyky
- Perevalsk Raion (all settlements)
- Popasna Raion:
- Berezivske
- Holubivske
- Zholobok
- Kalynove
- Kalynove-Borshchuvate
- Kruhlyk
- Molodizhne
- Mius
- Novooleksandrivka
- Chornukhyne
- Zolote (except Zolote-1,2,3,4)
- Dovzhánsk Raion (before 2016: Sverdlovsk Raion) (all settlements)
- Slovianoserbsk Raion (all settlements)
- Stanytsia Luhanska Raion:
- Burchak-Mykhailivka
- Lobacheve
- Mykolaivka
- Sukhodil
- Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements:
Since 2022 Invasion[edit]
After Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, the Russian military and pro-Russian forces further occupied additional Ukrainian territory. By early April, Russian forces withdrew from Northern Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv,[23] after stagnating progress amid fierce Ukrainian resistance in order to focus on consolidating control over Eastern and Southern Ukraine. On June 2, 2022, Zelenskyy announced that Russia occupied approximately 20% of Ukrainian territory.[24]
Kherson Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Kherson OblastOn February 24, 2022, Russian troops from Crimea invaded Henichesk and Skadovsk Raions. During the first days of the offensive, the Russians surrounded most of the cities and towns in the oblast, blocking the entrances to them with roadblocks, but not entering the cities themselves. Significant battles were fought for the Antonivskyi Bridge, which crosses the Dnipro River between Russian positions on the South bank and the Ukrainian city of Kherson on the North bank. The Ukrainian army was eventually forced to retreat under the onslaught of the enemy, and the city fell to Russian control on March 2.[25]On June 29, the Russian occupation authorities in Kherson Oblast announced preparations for holding a referendum of annexation.[26]On July 9, the Ukrainian government announced preparations for an imminent counteroffensive in the South, and urged the residents of occupied parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to shelter or evacuate to minimize civilian casualties in the operation.[27]
Raions of Kherson Oblast that are occupied:
- Henichesk Raion
- Kakhovka Raion
- Skadovsk Raion
- Most of Kherson Raion
- Most of Beryslav Raion
Zaporizhzhia Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Zaporizhzhia OblastOn February 26, 2022, the city of Berdiansk came under the control of the Russian Federation, followed by Melitopol on March 1 after fierce fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces. Russian troops also besieged and captured the city of Enerhodar, where the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is located, which came under the control of the Russian Federation on March 4. Since July, there have been increased tensions around the power plant as both Russia and Ukraine accuse each other of missile strikes around the plant,[28] causing fears of a potential repeat of the Chernobyl Disaster.
Raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast that are occupied:
- Melitopol Raion
- Berdiansk Raion
- Most of Vasylivka Raion
- Most of Polohy Raion
Donetsk Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Donetsk OblastSince the invasion, the Russian military, along with the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic, built on territorial gains they have made during the War in Donbas and captured additional territory, most significantly the port of Mariupol after a prolonged siege.
By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were occupied:
- Horlivka Raion
- Donetsk Raion
- Kalmiuske Raion
After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were captured:
- Mariupol Raion
- Half of Volnovakha Raion
- Northern portions of Kramatorsk Raion
- Eastern portions of Bakhmut Raion
Luhansk Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Luhansk OblastBy February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were occupied:
- Alchevsk Raion
- Dovzhansk Raion
- Luhansk Raion
- Rovenky Raion
After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were captured:
- Shchastia Raion
- Staroblisk Raion
- Svatove Raion
- Sievierodonetsk Raion
On July 3, 2022, the Russian military claimed that the entire Luhansk Oblast has been "liberated",[29] suggesting that Russian forces has succeeded in occupying the entire oblast and marked a major milestone for their goal of capturing the Donbas in Eastern Ukraine.
Kharkiv Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Kharkiv OblastThe occupation began on February 24, 2022, immediately after Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began seizing parts of the Kharkiv Oblast. Since April, Russian forces tried to consolidate control in the region and capture the major city of Kharkiv after their withdrawl from Northern Ukraine. However, by mid-May, the Ukrainian forces pushed the Russians back towards the periphery of the Russian border,[30] indicating that Ukrainians continue to garner stiff resistance against Russian advances.
Raions of Kharkiv Oblast that are occupied:
- Kupiansk Raion
- Parts of Izium Raion
- Parts of Chuhuiv Raion
- Northern portions of Kharkiv Raion
- Northern portions of Bohodukhiv Raion
Mykolaiv Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast
The occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast began on February 26, 2022 with Russian troops crossing into the oblast through the Kherson Oblast from Crimea. In March, Russia attempted to advance towards Voznesensk, Mykolaiv and Nova Odesa, but were met with stiff resistance and failed. By May, Russia occupied Snihurivka, Tsentralne, Novopetrivka and numerous other small villages within the oblast.
Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast that are occupied:
- Southern portions of Bashtanka Raion
- Southern and eastern portions of Mykolaiv Raion
Formerly Occupied Territories[edit]
After Russia's complete invasion in 2022 February, the Ukrainian military fiercely confronted the threat, and was able to prevent the Russians from capturing Kyiv and forming a pro-Russian puppet government. In addition to the failed offensive to the capital, by late March the Russians were also stalled in advances in other major cities like Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv, and Mariupol. As a result, the Russian Ministry of Defence decided to withdraw its military from the Northern and Northeastern offensives, instead focusing on consolidating control over Southern and Eastern Ukraine. By early April, both sides have confirmed the partial Russian withdrawal.
Sumy Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Sumy Oblast
Russia started the occupation as part of the Northeastern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, but failed to take the oblast capital. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
Chernihiv Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Chernihiv Oblast
Russia started the occupation as part of the Northeastern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, and eventually laid siege to the oblast capital, but failed to capture the city. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
Kyiv Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Kyiv Oblast
Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, even approaching the borders of Kyiv city proper. However, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their failure to capture the Ukrainian capital, and eventually led to a complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
Zhytomyr Oblast[edit]
Read more: Russian Occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast
Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a small portion of the oblast, and never attempted to capture the oblast capital. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.
International reactions[edit]
On 20 April 2016 Ukraine officially established government Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons.[31] It was subsequently renamed the Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and veterans and then the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. The current minister is Iryna Vereshchuk, appointed on 4 November 2021.[32]
In March 2014, in a vote at the United Nations, 100 member states out of 193 (except Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, North Korea, Nicaragua, Russia, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe)[33] did not recognize the annexation of the Crimea by Russia.[34] (See United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262.)
A further resolution was passed by the United Nations in December 2016 regarding "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", which recognised these as part of Ukraine.[35]
Another resolution was passed by the United Nations in December 2017, also regarding "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", which recognised these as part of Ukraine.[36]
In April 2018 PACE's emergency assembly recognized occupied regions of Ukraine as "territories under effective control by the Russian Federation".[37][38] Chairman of the Ukrainian delegation to PACE, MP Volodymyr Aryev mentioned that recognition of the fact that part of the occupied Donbas is under Russia's control is so important for Ukraine. "The responsibility for all the crimes committed in the uncontrolled territories is removed from Ukraine. Russia becomes responsible", Aryev wrote on Facebook.[39]
United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on 17 December 2018, states:
Condemning the ongoing temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, namely, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (hereinafter referred to as "Crimea"), by the Russian Federation, and reaffirming the non-recognition of its annexation[11]
In early March 2022, in response to Russia's invasion, the United Nations General Assembly convened an emergency special session to discuss the latest developments regarding the peace situation in Ukraine, and adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 to condemn Russia's invasion and Belarus's involvement.[40]
See also[edit]
- Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone (Ukraine)
- Control of cities during the Russo-Ukrainian War
- List of military occupations
- Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shootdown
- Occupied territories of Georgia
- Russian military presence in Transnistria
- Russian-occupied territories
References[edit]
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