Can enzymes be damaged by high temperature

Solution

Enzymes:

1. Enzymes are mostly proteins that catalyze various biochemical reactions. The catalytic reaction occurs through a specific region (active site) where the substrate bind.
2. Enzymes show the highest activity at a specific temperature called ‘optimum temperature’.
3. High heat destroys enzymes. Enzymes are protein molecules that get denatured at high temperatures.
4. High heat breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds leading to disruption in enzyme shape. The enzyme loses its activity and can no longer bind to the substrate.
5. Certain enzymes synthesized by bacteria and archaea that grow exposed to high temperatures are thermostable. They are active even at temperatures above 80°C and are called hyper thermophilic enzymes. For example- thermophilic lipase is active at a high temperature.

The incubation temperature

The effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is the result of two opposing factors:

• As with any chemical reaction, the rate increases as the temperature increases, since the activation energy of the reaction can more readily be provided at a higher temperature. This means, as shown in the graph below, that there is a sharp increase in the formation of product between about 5 - 50°C.
• Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by heat. Therefore, at higher temperatures (over about 55°C in the graph below) there is a rapid loss of activity as the protein suffers irreversible denaturation.

In the graph above the enzyme was incubated at various temperatures for 10 minutes, and the amount of product formed was plotted against temperature. The enzyme showed maximum activity at about 55 °C. In the graph below the same enzyme was incubated at various temperatures for just 1 minute and the amount of product formed was again plotted against temperature. Now the increased activity with increasing temperature is more important than the loss of activity due to denaturation and the enzyme shows maximum activity at 80 °C.

The graph below shows the results of incubating the same enzyme at various temperatures for different times ranging from 1 minute to 10 minutes - the longer the incubation time the lower the temperature at which there is maximum formation of product, because of the greater effect of denaturation of the enzyme.

This means that it is not useful to attempt to determine an 'optimum' temperature for an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

By convention, enzyme activity is determined at 30°C; this is a compromise between mammalian and clinical biochemists, who would expect to work at 37°C, and microbial biochemists, most of whom would expect to work at 20°C.

Investigation of the temperature dependence of an enzyme can be useful, for example in biotechnology and biochemical engineering, where there may be operational reasons for working at a relatively high temperature, so that enzymes with a higher thermal stability are advantageous.

Determination of the activation energy of the reaction

The effect of increasing temperature on the rate of formation of product up to the point at which denaturation begins to reduce the activity of the enzyme can be investigated to determine the activation energy of the reaction. The equation relating the rate of a chemical reaction to temperature was derived empirically by Arrhenius in 1889:

where:
k = the rate constant for the reaction
A = a constant for the reaction
E = the activation energy
R = gas constant = 1.987 cal / deg / mol = 8.31434 joules / deg / mol
T = temperature (°K, = °C + 273)

Taking logs gives:

log = log A - E / 2.303 * R * T

For temperatures below that at which there is significant denaturation of the enzyme, if the enzyme is saturated with substrate, the rate constant is = Vmax, and a graph of log Vmax against 1 / T will be a straight line with gradient = - E / 2.303 * R

Activation energy
E = -4.576 * gradient (cal / deg / mol)
E = -19.148 * gradient (joules / deg / mol)

Enzymes rely on molecular movement and collisions with the compounds they are meant to bind with -- called substrates -- so they can speed up certain chemical reactions. Increases in temperature increase molecular activity, and can result in a higher rate of collisions between enzymes and substrates. If the temperature rises too high, however, the enzymes could become denatured, and the positive effects of the temperature increase could be nullified.

Denaturation

While rising temperatures can yield positive results for enzymatic reactions, every enzyme has a maximum or optimal temperature it can be subjected to before beginning to denature. Positive results will increase with rising temperatures right up to the optimal temperature, but if the temperature continues to rise, weak bonds and interactions in the protein will become disrupted, and the enzyme will start to unfold and lose its native shape. When its native shape is lost, an enzyme can no longer chemically interact specifically with its substrate, and, therefore, is also unable to speed up any reactions.

References

Writer Bio

Christopher Cascio is a memoirist and holds a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing and literature from Southampton Arts at Stony Brook Southampton, and a Bachelor of Arts in English with an emphasis in the rhetoric of fiction from Pennsylvania State University. His literary work has appeared in "The Southampton Review," "Feathertale," "Kalliope" and "The Rose and Thorn Journal."